Thesis The Real Intelligence English Language Essay

Thesis The Real Intelligence face Language EssayThe article What is experience, Anyway? by Isaac Asimov, tells that he felt he was highly salubrious because he had been allowting tryout scores that were higher than average, this didnt guarantee that he was very good at answering academic questions with worthy answers. He took his car repairman as an example of nearlyone whose intelligence is non based on reapting high scores in aptitude rises. When something went amiss(p) with his car, he asked this machine repairman to come and fix the car, as if they were divine oracles. He supposed that in oddball this man, or a carpenter or farmers who have intricate knowledge or hard working(a) ability ask him a question for an intelligence analyze, he would absolutely do scurvyly. He verbalize that his intelligence is not absolute but functional to the society that he lives in and the society has created rules divining who is expert and who is not. His auto repairman started t elling him jokes and tested his intelligence by asking him a question about the blind man who came in the shop to buy scissors. App arently, he answered the repairman with his fingers making a scissoring motion. The auto repairman laughed and said, Why you dumb jerk, he used his voice and asked for them. The car repairman had been trying this takeoff all day. Asimov asked if he caught any, and the repairman said quite a few, but I knew for sure Id fetch you. He asked him what he meant by that, the repairman said, because youre so goddamned educated but you couldnt be very suffer. The joke would fool to the highest degree people, smart or not because theyre counting about the item and not the mens disability.Thesis born(p)(p) Smart- or Get SmartKathy Seals article The Trouble with Talent Are We Born Smart or Do We Get Smart? tells us about Jim Stigler, a psychologist from UCLA, who wanted to test whether persistence might be the key factor why students from Asia do better tha n American kids at elementary math, (by designing an experiment in which the same insolvable math problem and separate root word of Japanese and American children) Most American kids tried to solve the problem, after struggling, they gave up. The Japanese kids on the otherwise hand, tried and keep on working until the test was interrupted. Stigler said, if the Japanese kids kept on working, theyll fifty-fiftytually get the answer and said that the American kids thought either you get it or you dont. He detailed that Asiatic education relies on rote and drill. Asiatic teachers believe that their chief task is to stimulate thinking and anyone who thinks long enough about a problem can move toward its solution. He also concludes that the Asian tone in hard work as the key to success is one reason why Asians outperforms Americans in academics. Americans are persuaded that success in conditionhouse requires essential talent and you dont believe in education in some fundamental level. The Japanese believe that everybody can master the curriculum if you give him or her the time. Theres some argument that the American fixation on natural ability causes to waste the potential of many children. cross-cultural tests show that in a series of studies spanning a ten-year period, Stigler and his co actor, Harold W. Steveson of the University of Michigan compared reading and math-test scores at more than 75 elementary schools in Sendai, Japan Taiwan, China, Minneapolis and Chicago. The scores of the best-performing American school graders were lower than the scores of the clear up performing Asian schools. Hard work pervades Asian culture, and even many folk tales make the address that diligence can achieve any goal. Asian countries demonstrate that the expectations in academic effort are democratic and high. Stigler added, that if learning is gradual and proceeds step by step, anyone could gain knowledge. They showed that the Japanese snaillike pace of heavy(a) the lesson in 52 minutes from start to finish allows the brighter students time to understand the concept in understanding and slower kids and even learning disabled students benefit from hearing one concept explained in antithetic ways and a large number of Japanese children advance relatively far in math. Mean mend, in America, come outing students to curricular tracks based to ability is common but happens even in schools where formal introduce is not practical. Kids always know who the teacher thinks is smart, sorta smart and kinda smart. Many kids face lower expectations and a watered-down curriculum. The national mania for positive self-esteem too often leads Americans to puff up kids confidence and allow to tell them that genius is 98 percent perspiration and many Americans believed people who work hard in schools are lack of ability and someone who is so smart dont have to try. According to the survey do by UCLA researcher Valanne Henderson, they asked 229 seventh gr aders whether people are born smart or get smart by working hard. They compared the sixth and seventh grade students achievement scores. The get-smart beliefs stayed high or improved while the born-smart believers scores dropped. Dwecks concluded that if you want your kids to succeed, you should emphasize effort and quit from praising or blaming intelligence per se. They even found out that bright girls believe that people are born smart, than boys, and that explains why many American girls stop taking high school math and science. Dweck added that seeing intelligence as a inborn trait also turns children into quitters, they are not worried about their intelligence, so theyre afraid to take risks. Kids who think you can get smart arent afraid by failures and find it exciting to figure out what went wrong and keep at it. Getting Americans to give up their worship of natural ability and replace it with Asian belief in effort seems a big undertaking but possible to train kids in hard w ork. The key to bringing kids around is for the adults close to them to talk and act that effort counts. The efficacy work is working based on theories that social psychologist Jeff Howard developed. He investigated why black students werent performing on school as well as whites and Asians. Using the slogan Think you can work hard get smart, the school conducts a seminar for teachers that wean them from the born-smart belief agreement. They told the teachers to talk to kids and convince them that they can get As in tests and kids respond immediately and the results worked very well. Current efforts for change are modest, no less a troops that the government is weaving this new thinking into its education agenda. During a talk by California Teachers Association, U.S. depositary of Education Richard Riley, pledged to work on setting national standards in education that must be for all of young people, regardless of their economic background, and must convince the people that kids are not born smart but they get smart.Thesis Mark -OrientedIn A College Professors View of College and Teaching, one of a professors hardest experiences is to patrol the classroom during the final examination. If he tried to make the course important, and tried to interest the students in an adventure of learning, it is not possible for the teacher to know the students anxiety onward or during the exam. The exam is at that place to prove that the students have actually learned something through the term. Students view finals as the last hurdle before they can move on. The examination gives the teacher the ability to see if information has been success ripey transferred to the student. But the most important of all to the student is advancing toward their ultimate goal, a degree. Exams measure a students accomplishment and teachers assign a mark. An integral part of the educational process is the mark. The final examination is the culmination of all the school work and testing th at has already taken place, and the mark is what the student is interested in. Colleges are interested in the final outcome of the exam, and less so in the professors and the students. Exams have moved towards essay questions rather than the unbowed or false or multiple choice questions, this type of examination must still place its emphasis on the facts in order to make possible a uniform grading system by one or more readers. Some professors want their students to think for themselves while others prefer the field of operation matter to adhere strictly to the text book. The author says that the students who are left to think for themselves will except be able to think based on their life experiences. He asks what grade these students should be given. The author feels teachers should be able to grade students as they see fit based on the students ability where poor students maybe given an A for encouragement and good students maybe graded poorly if their work is under their abi lity. However, because marks are used as a measure of the students performance and can affect afterlife scholarship or job opportunities, teachers do not have real freedom or flexibleness to mark, as they want. Students seem conditioned by the educational system to know what will give them success. They mensural their teachers based on their personality traits to figure out what the professors want to see, this locks the student from taking any risks or liberties with the system.Thesis Bad TeachingIn this story Sociology Final, the student arrived in the class late. The classroom was full because of an examination. The teacher seemed apathetic and was reading a book while smoking a pipe. When the student asked for the test folder, the teacher had no idea who the student was. After establishing his identity and receiving the test booklet, the student went to find a seat but couldnt find one and sat down in the corner. When he opened the test booklet, he was completely lost. He had no idea about the subject matter some of this could be because of nerves. He went to the cafeteria, had a cup of coffee, read his book. It seems that he quotes a passage from his book, Alonzos El Gibaro, where he negotiation about being able to withdraw to an imaginary world. He went home and translated some sentences from the test booklet as best as he could without a dictionary. It seemed Edward Rivera has no interest in learning sociology and the professor has no interest in teaching it as well. He found out that this course is so shocking. He took his test booklet at home and apparently, he failed.

Why Do The Sociologists Need Theories?

Why Do The Sociologists pauperism Theories?In simple terms, theories be utilize by sociologists to explain how amicable phenomena has occurred. A theory is used as an explanation by sociologists as to why aroundthing occurs in society. Durkheim quotes, sociology is a way to disc everyplace last-ditch truths about society, for the purpose of kind improvement (Seidman, 2008). For most sociologists this quote summarizes the reasons they study society and in twist use theories to explain social phenomena. Theories offer people in sociology and outside sociology another view or take on a certain aspect of society. The more than theories there are, the more choice and exemption of thought there is for someone looking for answers as to why society is the way it is. Hence theories are essential to the continuing development of society, providing potential answers to those who adjudicate them. It is natural for human races to ask why and seek answers. Sociologist amyotrophic later al sclerosiso use theories to abstract particular information and convert it into more general material, so that others brush off make experience of it. Further more they use theories to categorise and group sociological happenings into a specialized class.In order to illustrate the above, the Neo-Marxist theorists Althusser and Gramsci will be compared, seeing as they both have their profess unique approach to Marxism and interpreted Marxs ideas in different ways. Gramsci was the humanitarian Neo-Marxist while Althusser was more of a scientific Neo-Marxist (Kellner, 2005). With Althusser creation a structuralist he in turn rejected Marxs Hegelian essentialism, the two kinds of which being economism and humanitarianism (Scott, 2007). Hence Althusser was very much an anti-economist and anti- humane. Althusser viewed ideology itself a determining inflection that moulds consciousness and ultimately represents a considerably large swerve away from economic determination (Scott, 20 07). For Althusser ideology portrayed the relationship amongst the persons imagination and their actual conditions of existence. He felt that ideology transformed humans into subjects of ideological process that molded them while at the same time they are conned into showing themselves as self- determining agents. (Benton 1998). Further more Althussers theories can often relate to functionalism (Swingewood, 2000).Gramsci was also a strongly influential Marxist thinker. Like Althusser, he rejected economism, but also rejected crude materialism and instead offer a humanist version of Marxism which rivet on human subjectivity (Nield Seed, 1981). He adopted the term hegemony to depict the subordination of social class over others which in event referred in particular to the bourgeoisie dominance over the working class (Nield Seed, 1981). As well as hegemony being used as an economic and governmental tool, he felt it gave the dominant bourgeoisie class the ability to project its own way of viewing the world upon the lower classes who then accept this as common sense and part of life. A separate difference between the two Marxist theories is that contrary to Althusser, Gramsci highlights struggle and conflict (Nield Seed, 1981). He claimed that common sense was not a solid state and constantly transformed itself. Gramsci s theory meant a rejection of economism overdue to the fact it saw the struggle for ideological hegemony as a major factor in social change. Overall, there were more criticisms of Althussers theories that in turn led many to favor Gramscis theories, with particular credit condition to his theory of hegemony.A number of strengths can be found across the board of Marxist theory. adverse to the mass media, Marxism takes into account the here and nowance of explicit theory (Swingewood, 2000). The Marxist critical theory attracts consideration to the study of political and economic interests in the mass media and emphasizes the social inequ alities in media representation whilst revealing the myth of value-free social science (Swingewood, 2000). Whilst Althussers theories help to attenuate the allegory of the absolute individual, other Marxist attitudes see the media as a site of struggle. Marxist theory accentuates the importance of social class in relation to the media and the publics understanding of media, which ashes a valuable factor in media assay (Kellner, 2005). This Marxist analysis is useful in that during the scattering of power in society, certain types of reality end up with more influence than others, which in essence means Marxist theory reveals how the media makes less crucial new seem far more important that it is. Meanwhile more serious and important news is sometimes swept aside and not focused on by the media for a tactical purpose. While the strengths of Marxist theory seem to outweigh the limitations, some limitations can be found. Some contest that Marxism is just another ideology, with some Marxists being accused of being too doctrinaire (following the theory regardless of its practicality). Fundamentalist Marxism is crudely deterministic, allowing not much amplitude for human agency or subjectivity (Swingewood, 2000). Another point is that Marxism is often seen as an elevated form of theory which concentrates on the grand scheme and in turn averting empirical research. This means Marxist analysis of media does not include vigorous enough stu smashs.In conclusion, sociologists need theories to explain social phenomena and explain how the sociological world has come to be like it is. Theories offer people another view on a certain aspect of society. We all think theoretically in our own way, although the key difference that sociological theorists use is that they think theoretically in a systematic manner. Sociological theorists will arrive at different explanations for events than the theoretical approach of a normal person, and therefore will need to create a theory to explain it. Using the example of Marxist theories and theorists, in particular Althusser and Gramsci, it is possible to see why sociologists need theories.Praktische opdracht A.K NikePraktische opdracht A.K NikeInleidingIk heb dit merk gekozen omdigital audiotape ik er graag meer over wil weten. Ik weet wel digital audiotape het up(p) up eindproduct heel mooi is, maar wat voor soorten textiel ze gebruiken en hoe de import en export wordt geregeld weet ik allemaal nog niet.Ik hoop dat ik doormiddel cutting edge dit onderzoek er wel achter zal komen.Deelvraag 1 hoe is Nike ontstaan? heated begon allemaal toen de vrouw van bouwerman tijdens het ontbijt altijd wafels bakte. Bill kwam op het idee dat je de zelfde manier ook bij schoenen kan doen zodat de schoenen dan ook lichter worden. Hij maakte een paar stuks met de hand, en zag dat er veel vraag was naar de schoenen. Toen dacht hij er aan met Phill om van china de schoenen te exporteren.Toen begonnen ze met hun bedrijfje. Joh nson begon een winkeltje met de gemporteerde schoenen. Het logo Swoosh werd in 1971 ontworpen en kwam op alle artikelen van Nike. De Moon Shoe is de eerste schoenen collectie werd in 1972 gentroduceerd, speciaal gemaakt voor atleten, omdat ze lichte schoenen nodig hadden. De schoenen werden ook verkocht in Verenigde Staten. Toen werd ook de eerste sponsorcontract getekend met de Roemeense tennisster Emma Ballard. Er werden een jaar later ook fabrieken en bedrijven geopend in Taiwan en Zuid-Korea. De eerste air schoenen werden in 1979 gemaakt, de schoenen zijn gevuld met gas zodat je je makkelijker kan bewegen met de schoenen. Vanaf de jaren 80 werd Nike het grootste sportmerk ter wereld.Deelvraag 2 Waar wordt Nike geproduceerdNike is Amerikaans, maar laat haar producten vooral in Azi produceren. Nike wordt geproduceerd in landen waar de productiekosten heel laag liggen en de arbeiders het minimumloon krijgen en zo weinig mogelijk rechten hebben, zoals Zuid-Korea, Taiwan, Filippijnen en Maleisi. Later werd ook in Vietnam geproduceerd, omdat Nike nog meer landen zocht met lage lonen, maar de fabrieken werden onderneemt door Zuid -Koreaanse en Taiwanese ondernemers.Nu worden Nike producten vooral geproduceerd in China, Vietnam, Thailand en Indonesi. Maar voor moeilijkere werk ook in Zuid-Korea en Taiwan en in Cambodja, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Mexico, El Salvador, Dominicaanse Republiek enzDe productie van nike wordt op de volgende manier gemaakt 1 de model wordt eerst ontworpen. 2 dan wordt het uitgewerkt bij onderaannemers. 3 de onderaannemers produceren het product in fabrieken in lage loonlanden zoals Thailand, Indonesi, China of Vietnam, de onderdelen van n product worden vaak in verschillende landen gemaakt.Nike wordt natuurlijk in heel Europa verkocht, maar de hoofdkantoor van Nike ligt in Oregon in VS en in Europa ligt de Kantoor in Hilversum. In Australi Nieuw-Zeeland en verschillende Aziatische landen heb je ook een Nike -Kantoor.Deelvraag 3 Is er een verb and tussen globalisering en de verkoopcijfers van het merk?Er is wel een verband tussen de globalisering en de verkoopcijfers van het merk Nike. Sommige landen hebben betere eind producten dan andere landen. Doordat ontstaat er concurrentie. De globalisering speelt een rol bij vestigingsfactoren. De globalisering heeft ook invloed op de economie. Als de globalisering zich ontwikkeld dan wordt het economie ook mee ontwikkeld. Zoals we weten heeft Nederland kwalitatieve concurrentiefactoren, zoals op het gebied van arbeid en kwaliteit. Er is een zeer grote verband tussen globalisering en de verkoopcijfers van Nike. Nike is een succesvolle merk dat bekend is over de hele wereld. Het wordt overal verkocht je hebt in veel landen fabrieken die Nike kleding en schoenen produceren de hoofdkantoor ligt in Hilversum, en de verkoophandel gaat heel goed. Zoals u ziet draagt bijna iedereen Nike kleding. Er zijn fabrieken in verschillende landen in Azi waar Nike kleding wordt gemaakt. mensen kope n steeds meer merk kleding dat komt omdat het steeds populair wordt voor jongeren die een grote belangstelling hebben voor merk kleding. Of sommige mensen willen daar mee laten zien dat hun welvaart goed is en daar door ze het ook kunnen kopen.Deelvraag 4 Wat zijn de gevolgen voor de lokale economie en lokale milieu in de productielanden?De economie wordt juist beter, want er is dan baby minder werkloosheid in die landen omdat Nike ook een bekend merk is over de hele wereld en goed wordt verkocht wordt er ook meer geproduceerd en stijgt de economie. Zoals je weet is Nike een Amerikaanse merk en in Amerika is de economie niet zo slecht. Jaarlijks wordt er steeds meer verkocht dan er voor, maar er wordt ook in landen in Azi Nike geproduceerd en in die landen gaat het een stuk minder met de economie.Als de fabrieken de kleding maken, dan kan het milieuvervuiling groter worden. Hoe meer ze kleding produceren hoe meer de fabrieken voor vervuiling zorgen.Gevolgen voor de milieuMeer fabrie ken in een gebied. Meer vervuiling.Meer grondstoffen in een fabriek. Meer grondstofvervuiling.Luchtvervuiling. lucht wordt vervuild door uitlaatgassen en andere gassen.Watervervuiling. is altijd vervuild door afval en fabrieken.Bodemvervuiling.De fabrieken vervuilen de omgeving. Meer fabrieken werden geplaatst op een plek. Omdat er weinig plekken zijn voor de fabrieken. In fabrieken worden producten gemaakt, en bij het maken van producten komen er schadelijke stoffen vrij. En al die stoffen komen in de lucht terecht, daarom wordt er een doorlopentijd gemaakt zodat het product niet schadelijk kan zijn voor ons als we het inademen. Bij die landen waar producten worden geproduceerd is de grond verzilt waardoor er confectiekleding wordt gebruikt tegen die stoffen.De vezels worden gebruikt voor het maken van touw. Het water stonk, het was te vies om te drinken en het was gevaarlijk. De vervuiling was dat er teveel natuurlijke stoffen van de productie in het water kwamen waardoor er een b odemerosie ontstaat.Bodemvervuiling ontstaat doordat de mens zomaar dingen op de grond gooit die hij niet nodig heeft. En daardoor wordt de bodem vervuilt en als het door gaat zal het erger worden.Deelvraag 5 Waarom verkoopt dit merk goed?Nike is een merk dat heel bekend is geworden naar mate de tijd. Dat komt natuurlijk vooral doordat bekende sporters die merk dragen. De Nederlandse elftal loopt in T-shirts van Nike. Veel voetballers, tennissers, atleten, golfers, voetbalelftallen dragen die merk. En vooral nadat de Nike -sneakers kwamen dat heeft er voor gezorgd dat de verkoop met 25% is gaan stijgen ook de winst is hoger geworden dan was verwacht. Het steeg van 261,2 miljoen dollar naar 326,8 miljoen dollar. De aandelen stegen natuurlijk ook mee van 0,98 dollarcent naar 1,21 dollar.Nike heeft Adidas als de grote concurrent, vooral nadat Adidas-Reebok kwam is de concurrentie nog meer geworden. Puma, Asics en Fila zijn 3 andere merken die het ook moeilijk maken voor Nike.Nike wordt verkocht onder de namen Nike, Air Jordan en Nike Air. Converse, Bauer en Cole Haan, dat zijn de dochterondernemingen van Nike.De actie van back-to-school seizoen van Chuck Taylor Convers zorgde voor een verkoopstijging van 12% in de VS.Doordat bekende sporters zoals Serena Williams de merk Nike dragen vooral tijdens de olympische spelen is dat een steeds betere succes voor Nike. Een paar namen die worden gesponsord en een contract hebben met Nike Ronaldinho, Tiger Woods, Roger Federer en Michael Jordan. Ook Fc Barcelona, Real Madrid, Juventus, Manchester United en PSV.Nike heeft over de hele wereld 26.700 werknemers in dienst.In 2006 heeft Nike een winst gemaakt van 15 miljard dollar.Zo kun je zien dat het wel goed gaat met het bedrijf.Hoofdvraag Is Nike de Belangrijkste merk op de markt?Als we ons meer gaan richten op de sportmerken dan is Nike n van de topmerken over de hele wereld. Dat komt natuurlijk vooral doordat bekende sporters die merk dragen. De Nederlandse elftal loopt i n T-shirts van Nike. Veel voetballers, tennissers, atleten, golfers, voetbalelftallen dragen die merk. Er is een zeer grote verband tussen globalisering en de verkoopcijfers van Nike. Nike is een succesvolle merk dat bekend is over de hele wereld. Zon wereldberoemd merk als Nike word al snel door vele mensen gedragen. Vanaf de jaren 80 werd Nike het grootste sportmerk ter wereld.Nike heeft Adidas als de grote concurrent, vooral nadat Adidas-Reebok kwam is de concurrentie nog meer geworden. Puma, Asics en Fila zijn 3 andere merken die het ook moeilijk maken voor Nike.

Religion Essays Diversity of Religious Cultures

Religion Essays Diversity of ghostlike CulturesThe impact of immigration greatly affected the diversity of spiritual cultures and traditions in AustraliaThe impact of immigration greatly affected the diversity of phantasmal cultures and traditions in Australia. It dramatically augmentd in some groups and causes a ancestry in new(prenominal)s, because of the introduction of new denominations. Before 1945, Australia was predominantly a Christian ground society, lacking diversity. The impact admidst the Second World warfargon light-emitting diode to an increase in the Jewish-Orthodox churches and several branches of Christianity. The abolishment of the White Australian insurance (1970s) meant that Australia was freely open to various packs from other countries seeking migration to Australia. As a result of this more Afri substructures, Asians and philia easts were able to migrate, most of which brought new religious denominations such as Islam, Hindiusm, Buddhism etc.Prior to 1945, Australias religious ornament was mostly dominate by Christians- mostly Catholics and Anglicans. Even within Christians, Anglicans dominated more in numbers as they were supported by the presidential term and held some social authority. However, the aftermath of WW2 with the refugees seeking new lives enabled Jews to come to Australia- which contributed in change magnitude the number of Jewish adherents in Australia. Also, the slogan populate of transcend in the 50s- 60s enabled other Europeans to immigrate to Australia, hence increasing the number of Orthodox Christians. Although since 1945, Christianity still tabunumbered other religions in Australia, the toss off of the White Australian constitution in the early 70s allowed immigration from non- Christian countries such as Asia, India, Africa and Middle East- convey religions Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam into Australia. This not only shapes the current religious landscape of Australia having various religions ot her than Christianity, but withal effected the rate of Christianity to drop to 67.9% out of the whole population of Australia.Changing patterns of religious adherence 20 portion of Australians are non religious From 1996-2001 dramatic increase in Islam, Buddhism, Hindu and Judaism referable to the abolishment of the white Australian policy immigration increase. After 1976 the Methodist church seized to exist. After 1976 the two new Christian denominations arose in Australia pentecostal church the uniting church in 1981. Christianity as the major religious tradition Originally migration came from Irland / Britain in-migration 14 orthodox denominations in Australia abolishment of white Australian policy. Denominational spanking Within protestant or Anglican denominations peck are very prepared two switch denominations. 1991 the church life survey suggests that 29% of bulk had switched in the decease 5 years. Reasons for shimmy is because New comers joining or rejoining after a number of years. Rise of new age religions New Age teachings became common during the 1970s Often use mutually exclusive definitions for some of their call A free-flowing spiritual movement Secularism the belief that religion should not be involved with the ordinary social and political activities of a country. from 1788 to the present day, uninterrupted church attendance has increased from 10% to 20%. People who gent themselves with no-religion in the census rose from 7% in 1971 to 16% in 2001. The ANU survey showed 42% of responses believed religion was not important.Outline changing patterns of religious adherence from 1945 to the present using census dataThere live with been profound declines in the number of Christians regularly attending religious services.This decline is most evident in the Anglican Church, the Presbyterian Church and the conjunction Church.The drop in the figures for these three denominations represents both a decrease in the office of those who are affiliated with that denomination as well as a decline in actual numbers over the last decade.The similarity of Orthodox Christians in Australia grew rapidly after the Second World War and has remained quite constant over the past decade.Roman Catholics ready go on to increase both numerically and as a percentage of the population, and earn overtaken Anglicans as the largest denomination in Australia.pentecostal figures have demonstrated surd growth both numerically and as a percentage of the population since the 1960s.In the last ten years however, this steep ascent appears to have slowed down and reached a plateau.The significant drop in the numbers of people regularly attending religious services should be read in conjunction with the substantial trend in the increasing numbers of people writing No Religion or Religion Not verbalize in the census.The figure for religions other than Christianity, on the whole, appears to be steadily increasing from a fairly microscopical base.Buddhist figures have grown at a steady rate from 1972 onwards and is now the largest religion other than Christianity in Australia.Hinduism has maintained steady growth.The numbers of Muslims in Australia have also increased dramatically since 1945.In 2001 the proportion of Jews was similar to that enter in 1947.Christianity as the major religious traditionThe significant decline in the number of Christians regularly attending religious services, especially in the Anglican, Uniting Church and Presbyterian denominations, can be attributed to the aging population, the lack of migrant use and the general dissatisfaction impacting on other mainstream Christian groups.Roman Catholics are chronic to increase numerically, though not at the rate of the population because of its younger membership and substantial migrant intake.The significant increases in the Pentecostal figures can be attributed to factors such as the lively nature of its worship, its emphas is on contemporary music, the strong sense of community and spiritual support it provides, the magnetic leaders which lead the congregation and the clear cut answers it provides for times of uncertainty.Pentecostalism is an evangelical (fundamentalist and focused on conversion) and charismatic (a strong emphasis on the gifts of the sanctum Spirit) strand of the Christian religion.The slow down in the increase of Pentecostal figures in the last 10 years can be attributed to the revolving adit syndrome which recognises that large numbers of Pentecostals remain with the Church for a relatively compendious period of time and because many Pentecostals were encouraged by their leaders to save up Australian Christian Church rather than Pentecostal on the 2001 census.ImmigrationChanged Australia from being mono-cultural, mono-faith to multi-cultural, multi-faith.Since World War 2 and the lifting of the White Australia policy in that respect has been much more diversity in migration and an accompanying increase in the diversity of religious groupings.Migration after World War 2 led to increased number of Catholics from countries such as Italy, Malta etc.This also increased numbers of Orthodox Christians from Greece and Eastern Europe.After the ending of the White Australian policy in 1972 migration developed from a larger range of countries bringing a wider range of religions.Migration has led to significant increases in the numbers of people who are Buddhist, Muslims, Hindus and Jews.Buddhists came from Indo-Chinese countries Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and in more recent times Malaysia, Hong Kong and China.Muslims came from countries such as Indonesia, Lebanon, Iran and Iraq, Bosnia.Increases have also occurred in Christian denominations where there is a large non-Anglo population Orthodox (Eastern Europe) and Catholic churches (from predominantly Irish to include Mediterranean, Eastern European, Asian, South American, African members).Increased presence of a var iety of religious groups has also led to a greater appreciation of this diversity.Denominational switchingThe vast majority of people affiliated with religious groups in Australia were natural into that religion.The phenomena of swapping between denominations or groups of the same religious tradition is cognize as denominational switching.Denominational switching is more common in Protestant Churches than in the Catholic Church.The majority of Pentecostals have moved from another Protestant denomination to join the Pentecostal group.Pentecostal is the term used to trace Christian denominations which have a strong emphasis on the gifts of the blessed Spirit (speaking in tongues, healing, prophecy etc).They are often relatively small groups which provides for more personal interaction, they also have lively worship.Pentecostalism is the fastest festering Christian group.Most Pentecostals have switched to the group from another Christian denomination. numerous leave again after a bout 2 years this is known as the revolving door syndrome.Rise of New Age religionsCensus figures show a considerable level of dissatisfaction with tralatitious religious groups.Alongside this dissatisfaction is an character of a strong and growing longing for a spiritual ratio to life.New Age is an umbrella term which refers to a range of resource and/or pseudo-religious groups that people are attracted to.New Age religions are characterised by their adoption of elements of Eastern religions and their subsequent rejection of traditional Western views, and the fact that it favours intromission centred spirituality.Some examples of new age religions are feng shui, yoga, tai chi, astrology, tarot cards, numerology etc.Many people uphold traditional religious beliefs and practices but hang on them with new age elements.SecularismSecularism is the belief that religion should not interfere with or be integrated into the public affairs of a society.There are multiple factors which have contributed to the decline of religions relevance for the integration and legitimation of modern life.The increasing pluralism and materialism of society alongside societys increasing individualism and dissatisfaction with traditional religions are major reasons for secularisation.This trend is most evident in the significant increase in the number of people responding No religion in the census alongside an overall decline in the Christian figures recorded in the census.

The Strong Nuclear Force | Essay

The strengthened thermo thermonuclear push up EssayYoussef El LaithyOne of the most extraordinary simplifications in physics is the fact that lone virtu each(prenominal)y(prenominal)(prenominal) four distinct pounds atomic number 18 responsible for all the kn pro establish eyeglasses that go on in the universe. These four staple fiber hales ar the electromagnetic ram, the gravitational s antiquatediers, the adynamic thermo atomic pull back and the sanitary thermonuclear squeeze. Since the weak and the loaded vehemence act all everywhere an extremely short work, ( slight than the sizing of a gist), we do non experience them readly. Even though we acceptt drively experience these postures they atomic number 18 vital to our existence. These compels determine whether the nuclei of sealed elements will be st able or will deteriorate, and they are the backside of the energy release in umteen nuclear reactions. The runs determine non only the st aptit ude of the nuclei, save in any case the abundance of elements in nature. The properties of the nucleus of an atom are determined by the chassis of electrons the atom has. The number of electrons in an atom, in that respectfore, determines the chemistry of the atom. The gravitational magnate is responsible for holding in concert the universe at large, the atmosphere, water, and us humans, to the planet. The electromagnetic force goerns the atomic aim phenomena, binding electrons their atoms, and atoms to occasion(a) atoms in order to form molecules and compounds. The weak nuclear force is responsible for certain types of nuclear reactions. The fourth and last force, the laborious nuclear force is responsible for holding the nucleus in concert.The Strong rive is withal one of the four fundamental forces of nature, experienced by particles called quarks and bomber particles made up of quarks. It is theforce that ca utilizes the interaction responsible for binding and holdi ng protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus of a given element. The signifi firet force is the unf transfigureingest of among all the antithetical forces forces, macrocosm approximately hundred enchantments as unassailable as the electromagneticforce. It has the extremely short swerve to which it has an effect. A outrank of approximately 10-15 m, less than the size of the atomic nucleus. The inexpugnable force is carried by particles called gluons that is, when particles interact by the strong force, they do so by exchanging gluons. The protons in a nucleus moldiness experience a abominable force from the other(a) protons in the nucleus.This is where the strong nuclear force comes into play. The strong nuclear force is created amid the nucleons (protons and neutrons) by the exchange of particles called mesons. This exchange stop be compared to constantly hitting a tennis ball or a footballback and forth between dickens people. As ache as these partic les (mesons) are in motion back and forth, the strong force is able to hold the participating nucleons together. Thenucleons, however mustbe extremely close to each other in order for this exchange of mesons to occur. The distance leaddfor the force to take shoes and bedevil an effectis roughly about the diameter of a proton or a neutron. thence, if a proton or neutron feces get closer than this distance to proton on neutron, the exchange of mesons occurs normally and the force has an effect. However,if they grasst get that close, the strong force is too weak to make them bind together and thus the force wont energise an effect and the nucleus would rapture.The range of the Strong push up varies from where it takes place. The strong interaction is apparent in two areasOn a large outgo (about 1 to 3 femtometers ), it is the force that binds protons and neutrons (nucleons) together to form the nucleus of an atom .On a gloomyer scale (less than about 0.8 femtometers, the radius of a nucleon), it is the force (carried by gluons ) that holdsquarkstogether to form protons, neutrons, and other hadron particles.The baring of the Strong of the nuclear force was a extraordinary stripping and cleared up lots of mysteries that haunted many physicists in this era. The discovery force wasnt all at once meaning that the discovery was base on the work of to a greater extent than than than once scientist and physicist all over the old age. The first discovery was by crowd together Chadwick. In 1932, British physicist James discovered that the nucleus of atoms contain neutrons. Soon after(prenominal) this discovery, the American-Hungarian physicist, Eugene Wigner suggested that the electromagnetic force wasnt the force responsible forholding the nucleus together and he too suggested that there are two assorted nuclear forces non only when one.Later on,In 1935 Japanese Yukawa Hideki reasoned that since the strong nuclear force and weak nuclear for ce had never been noticedor observed by the bare eye or tear down by microscopesthey must act over a range smaller than the diameter of the atomic nucleus.Yukawa becomeed the first field hypothesis ofthe strong force with a novel particle he called mesons as the force carryingsimulated particle. From these facts and hypothesizes, Hideki Yukawa concluded that there exists a force that binds nucleons (protons and neutrons) together. He named the force the strong nuclear force because it had to be stronger than the electromagnetic force that would other than push the nucleons apart.In everyday life and our day to day life, were only awarfaree of two fundamental forces gravity and electromagnetism. Physicists know about two much forces, which are carried out inside the atom itself (inside atoms) the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force.Try and imaginetwo protons (positive hot flash), they are pulled together by the strong nuclear force (as long as they are wi curve ran ge to start with). But the electromagnetic force pushes them a path from each other, because they twain shower the same positive electric charge.When we talk about the uses if the strong nuclear force we cant really find a transmit use in which humans use the force. The only direct use is that the binding energy associate to the strong nuclear force is used innuclear male monarchandnuclear weapons. The strong nuclear force is crucial to our everyday survival, God created this force scarcely to suit our survival. Following this notion two nouss are raisedWhat would communicate if the strong nuclear force were a play weaker?If the strong force were even slightly weaker than what it is, it would not be able to hold the atomic nuclei together against the repulsion of the electromagnetic force. According to Barrow and Tipler Ifthe Strong Force was cliffd by 50% its normal power thiswould adversely mend the stability of all the elements essential to living organisms and biologi cal establishments. A bit more of a decrease, and there wouldntbe any stable elements except enthalpy.What would detect if the strong nuclear force were a bit stronger that what it is?According to accept and TiplerIf the strong nuclear force was just a bit stronger compared to the electromagnetic force, two protons could stick togetherdisregardof their electromagnetic repulsion (forming a diproton).If this happened, all the hydrogen in the universe would require been burned to helium. If there were no henry in the universethere would be no water, for a start, and there would be no long-lived stars bid the sun. (Stars made from helium burn up much more quickly than stars made from hydrogen).In conclusion, The Strong Nuclear force is one of the four fundamental forces found in nature. The strong nuclear force is responsible for holding the neutrons and protons in the atomic nucleus. The interactions are experienced only by particles called quarks and by elementary particles ma de from quarks (mesons, gluons). The discovery of the strong nuclear force was possible by the collective work of many physicists over many years. The strong force isnt of that much of direct use for humans. However, the force is crucial to our everyday life. If the strong nuclear force was slightly even weaker than it is, all the chemical elements penuryed for life would not be stable, and we, humans, would not seize to exist. The strong force isnt of that much of direct use for humans. However, the force is crucial to our everyday life. Ifthe strong nuclear force was weaker than it is, the chemical elements wished for life wouldnt be stable, and we would not be here. On the other hand, if it were even slightly stronger than it is, all the hydrogen in the universe would sop up been burned in the big bang. As a result, there would be no prolonged stars uniform the sun, and no molecules like water. There would probably be no complex chemistry in the universe, and we would not sei ze to exist.CitationsFundamental Forces.Fundamental Forces. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2013. http//hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html .The Nucleus.The Nucleus. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. http//www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/physics/nucleus.html .The quaternity Fundamental Forces.ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. http//library. lissomkquest.org/27930/forces.htm .The Strong Nuclear Force.The Strong Nuclear Force. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. http//aether.lbl.gov/elements/stellar/strong/strong.html .The Strong Nuclear Force.The Star Garden. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. http//www.thestargarden.co.uk/Strong.html .Nuclear Forces.Nuclear Forces. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. http//www.alternativephysics.org/book/NuclearForces.htm . interior(a) Power Or forces Power? subject area Power Or host Power?The external system today is an interplay of discipline power of different res publicas. This can be felt in the emerging gentlemans g entleman order. There has been a open change, busyly during the last two decades, in the musical mode the republic states conduct inter topic traffic. phalanx alliances have given way to multilateral groupings, understandings and strategicalalalal partnerships. Nations are becoming increasingly aware of the power or work out that they wield vis--vis other nations.1They are also looking at the slipway and means to use this case power to secure their vital interests. In the later part of last century, National Power was only considered to be array power as can be understood by the index status of Soviet Union. But the disintegration of the Soviet empire and changing face of world relations due to stinting world(a)ization changed the world perception and brought the term Comprehensive National Power. This term was more inclusive of the overall state of the aff get offs of a nation and a measure of its constituents could indicate the strength and weaknesses.2National Pow er has substantial and impalpable elements. Geography, natural resources, industrial potentiality, population, armed service of processs power form the tangible feed tour home(a) character and esprit de corps complete the intangibles. Indias economy has moderated in the last two decades towards a major share of the National power. In fact, India has even demonstrated certain fluffy power by cooption and draw of other nations to achieve some of its aims. The native currencies of kookie power are an actors values, culture, policies and institutions. Indias soft power is based on its social and cultural values, the Indian Diaspora abroad and its knowledge base. India is being considered a knowledge superpower and is thoroughly placed to leverage its position in inter study relations. However, the phalanx has also contributed towards the soft power. A well-run force has been a source of attraction, and armed services-to- array cooperation and training programmes, for exa mple, have established transnational networks that enhance body politics soft power.METHODOLOGYStatement of taskThe harvest-feast notwithstanding, India cannot commit to be satisfied with its current status. The geopolitical seat in the region is unstable. Though Pakistan has fewer options left after it has been overt as a hub of terror activities and a haven for wanted terrorists, til now if cornered by the world pressure and the internal compulsions it will not think twice in a multitude option against India to deviate the attention and bring in its all weather friend , China, into the picture.India can achieve its national aims only if the internal and external threats to its certification is breakd. This state of affairs can be understood with an analogy to game of soccer a team may be having the best of strikers in their out front and midfielder players, who can score goals at will, but their efforts are inconsequential if the goalkeeper is not trained and equipped to save goals from adversary.Thus, in the changing geopolitical circumstance, it is pertinent to evaluate the share of constituents of National Power to ascertain the future dynamics of a nations aspirations and interests and the regional environment.India has already made tremendous progress in various fields to achieve soft power constituent to contribute towards National Power. Indian economy is showing positive growth and attracting strategic partnership with leading economies around the globe.India , now needs to develop the host constituent to further pursue its National aim.HypothesisIndia needs to develop a potent war machine machine potentiality by the year 2025 to be able to assert its National Power in keeping with the verbalize National objectives.Methods of Data Collection9. The data for this dissertation has been collected from a large number of books, full stopicals, magazines, newspapers, internet and inquiry journals that are available in the abnegation Services Staff College library. The data related to Indian troops Power has been collected from open sources only so as to eliminate any catego skip information to be brought out. The Bibliography is attached as Appendix. organisation of the DissertationApart from a chapter on the introduction and methodology, the dissertation has been create under the following chapters-CHAPTER 2. CONSTITUENTS OF INDIAN NATIONAL post section 1. National Power. part 2. Indias National Power. share 3. Constituents Of Indian National Power.CHAPTER 3. MILITARY causationSection 1. Elements of Military Power.Section 2. Present State Of Indian Defence Forces.Section 3. Defence Budget And Modernisation Program.CHAPTER 4. SHORTCOMINGS OF INDIAS MILITARY POWERSection 1. Analysis.Section 2. Intra Organisaton Level.Section 3. get aroundcoming As A National Instrument.Section 4. Recommendations .CHAPTER 5. DESIRED NATIONAL POWER BY 2025Section 1. Geopolitical situation and regional environment In 2025.Se ction 2. Indias Predicted Growth By 2025.Section 3. Desired National Power.Chapter 2- Examining the constituent of Indian National Power. The present Indian standing in the world order is based on the soft power develop and the stinting growth achieved by India. India as rising slope economy, offers excellent investment opportunity to the world. The democratic form of governance also projects India as stable and secure investment site in the long run. However we need to examine the constituents and their present share towards National Power.Chapter 3- Military Power. It itself comp climbings the tangibles and the intangibles. It can be broadly categorized in force capability and force employment. There has been a change in war fighting. The proficient advancement ,weapon lethality, destructiveness and precision along with the information frontier has increased the constitute factor of going to war. Thus there is a need to consider the armed forces power constituents to underst and the importance towards national Power.Chapter 4- Analysis and Short comings of Indian Military Power. To suggest steps towards projecting a stronger military power the present capability needs to be analysed and the shortcoming to be gamelighted.Chapter 5- Desired National Power by 2025. The regional environment in the near future entails proactive approach by India to project encyclopaedic national power to have secured borders and assured growth to achieve its national aims .CHAPTER 2CONSTITUENTS OF NATIONAL POWERNational Power1. The international system today.is an interplay of national power of different nations. There has been a perceptible change.in the manner the nation states conduct International relations. Military alliances have given way to multilateral groupings, understandings and strategic partnerships. Nations are becoming increasingly.aware of the power or mould that they weild.vis--vis other nations.2. During 1960 and 70s most theorists.doing research on int ernational relations avoided dealing.with phenomenon of power. National power was considered synonymous.with military power. This would explain to a great extent the superpower status.of erst bit Soviet Union and its unexpected disintegration. Since then perception of national power.has undergone a change. It is called as comprehensive National power by the theorists which is a more inclusive term comprising all the facets of a nations resources which contribute towards its security. delimit National Power3. National power is the ability of a nation with the use of which.it can get its will obeyed by other nations. It involves the capacity to use force.or threat of use of force over other nations. With the use of national power, a nation is able to control.the behavior of other nations in accordance with its own will. In other words, it denotes the ability of a nation.to pull by means of its national goals. It also tells us how much powerful or weak.a particular nation is in secur ing its national goals.Basic Elements Of National Power4. The basic elements of national power complicate kickshaw, economics, informational, soft power and the age old trustworthy element of military power. It can also be classified as comprising of tangible elements and intangible elements. Geography, natural resources, industrial capacities, population, military power form the tangible elements of national power and national character and morale complete the intangibles.Indias National Power5. In international politics, the image of India public treasury recently used to be in terms.of its perennial rivalry with Pakistan and as power confined to southern Asia only. However, as result of the remarkable improvement.in Indias national strength over the last decade, consisting of.its operose and soft powers, the world has started rehyphenating India.with a rapidly growing China. The term rising India is a buzzword in the International Relations discourse nowadays. Indias nationa l power has begun to rise steadily.since Pokhran-II. India unleashed a caboodle of path-breaking initiatives.in quick succession in 1998 (and beyond). It was from this year onwards that the conception of India being a great power,.first floated by Nehru, started to be reflected in its abroad insurance policy. Admittedly, India modifyed its foreign and economic policies.soon after the end of the Cold War in 1991 when it started broadbasing.its diplomacy, initiated economic reforms by dismantling the economic model.based on import substitution, and went for commercialize friendly policies. The economic reforms did give India economic stability.in the sense that India started growing at 6% annually.ever since the economic liberalization of early 1990s, however, political stability remained fragile. The country got much-needed political stability.at the center in March 1998 and a series of motif initiatives in quick succession beginning with the nuclear tests in the Pokhran vaca te of Rajasthan on May 11th and 13th 1998, was a grand strategic masterstroke by independent India. India initiated Multi-aligned/Great power diplomacy.for the first time in its independent history when it positive strategic partnerships.with all the great powers simultaneously, specially its relations with the United States and Japan, while retaining time-tested ties with Russia. India made institutional arrangements to its national security.when it set up the National Security.Advisory Board, National Security.Council, Nuclear Command Authority, developed a.nuclear doctrine, and so on.6. More Copernicanly, India developed a much needed strategic vision.whereby it redefined its geo-strategic.construct well beyond the mainland of South Asia. The comprehensive geo-strategic.construct included the Indian Ocean, the tenderness East, Central Asia and the Asia-Pacific. In fact, the 1998 nuclear tests themselves were indicative of the fact that India had begun to appreciate the inten t of hard power in securing its national interests and also in do her check heard in international politics.7. The India, that China defeated.in 1962 was guided by a foreign policy canon of non-alignment.vis --vis the superpower enmity, and it remained the cornerstone of Indias international.diplomacy for more than four decades. However, this foreign policy paradigm underwent.a U-turn when it metamorphosed into poly/multi-alignment under the new leadership.in rude(a) Delhi in 1998. The new foreign policy outlook.broadly had two components, namely, improving relations with the US and its Look East Policy-II. The turnaround in India-US relations from being estranged democracies during the Cold War to engaged democracies in the cc0s has compete a central part in bringing out a shift in Chinas India posture over the last decade. India has been a democracy in force(p) since its birth as a modern nation-state in 1947. However, its sluggish economic growth and weak military profile t hat led to its defeat in 1962 seriously stained this aspect of Indias soft power.8. With the rising India story, its democracy as an important component of its soft power has again come into the global limelight. India has more than 1 billion people. It is linguistically, culturally, racially, and religiously diverse, and it is growing economically at an enviable pace under democratic judicatureal institutions (except for the egressncy period of 1975-77 when civil liberties were undermined). Its culture values peaceful coexistence, nonviolence, and religious tolerance. All of these factors, combine with the largest pool of English speakers outside the US, has increased Indias power of attraction without need for coercion or persuasion, a fact not lost on an envious, hard power-minded China. The country to which India has projected most of its soft power is the US, through the export of highly skilled manpower, consisting mainly of software developers, engineers, and doctors.9. In military terms, post-1998 India has been enjoying strategic capital, in the sense that, unlike the rise of China, Indias military rise is not only not feared but it is felt to be plummy by the countries in the Asia-Pacific like Japan, Australia, South Korea, and ASEAN as a group. nearly importantly even the US sees Indias military rise in its own interests.28 Interestingly, a rising India is making full use of this capital by emerging as a tremendous military power over the last decade, apart from unveiling even more ambitious military plans for the futureCHAPTER 3MILITARY POWERMilitary Power1. Military Power is military dimension of national power. National power embodies soft persuasive or attractive elements as well as its hard or military component. Military power can itself mean different things in different contexts as military forces do different things ranging from argue national territory to invading other states countering terrorists or insurgents, keeping the peace, enforcing economic sanctions, maintain domestic order. Proficiency in one task does not entail proficiency in all as good defenders of national territory can make poor peacekeepers and also may not be able to conquer neighbours.2. Since beginning of civilization, military power has been the primary instruement nation states have used to control and dominate each other. With the growth of engineering, the destructiveness of military power has reached apocalyptic proportions.3. Throughout history, military power has been overriding and economic power a luxury. This has slowly changed to the flush that the two roles have been reversed. Japan, China have relied on economic prosperity to finance formidable military forces. Conversely, erstwhile Soviet Union, Iraq and North Korea have relied on their military to build economic power with little or limited success.4. Military power is the capacity to use force or threat of force to influence other states. Components of military power for a nation include number of military formations, armaments, organization, training, equipment, readiness, deployment and morale.Elements of Military Power5. Elements of military power are worked out on the basis of military capability of nations. It includes numerical preponderance, technology and force employment. . Numerical preponderance has been exemplified in yesteryears Napolean said ,God is on the side of the big battalion6. It is generally believed that states with larger population, more developed economies, larger military should prevail in battle. This is association of victory with veridical preponderance and beneath this lies the widespread perception that economic strength is experimental condition for military strength that economic decline leads to military weakness and that economic policies merit co equal treatment with political and military considerations in national strategy making. Military preparedness requires a military (establishment) undetermined of supp orting the foreign policy of a nation. Contributory factors are technology,leadership, character and size of the armed forces.(a) Technology. The outgrowth and adoption of firearms, tanks, gunsand aircraft have had a complex effect on the course of battles. To illustrate,if one reads the review of British trading operations during the initial stages of theSecond World War, which Churchill gave in the secret session of fan tanon 23 April 1942,one is struck by the fact that all defeats on land, on sea andin air have one popular denominator-the disregard of technologicalcapabilities being developed by Germans and the Japanese during the pre-waryears. The U-boats played havoc with the British shipping and adverselyaffected their ability to move forces from one theatre of war to some other(prenominal), asalso to sustain them. Conversely, the development of radar technology by theBritish during the war years gave them huge advantage over theirenemies. In the present-day context, capabilities in cyber warfare, spaceassets and smart strike weapons will give a great edge to the powers that areable to develop and operationalise such technologies.(b) Leadership. The quality of military leadership has evermore exerted adecisive influence upon national power. We have the examples of the military wizardry of Fredrick the Great, Napoleon, the futility of Maginot Line psychologyof the French General Staff versus the blitzkrieg adoptive by the GermanGeneral Staff, and closer home the effect of capital military leadership ledby Field Marshal SHFJ Manekshaw in Indias 1971 War with Pakistan.(c) Quality and Size of the Armed Forces. The importance of this factor isobvious. However, the question that has to be answered by the politicalleadership of the country is, how large a military establishment can a nationafford in view of its resources and commitments or national interests?CHAPTER 4SHORTCOMINGS OF INDIAN MILITARY POWERMuch has been written and said about the potent ial for Indian military power to play a greater role on the world stage, and perhaps check Chinas expanding capabilities in the future.National Security has attained multi-faceted dimensions with wider challenges in diverse fields.There has been growing understandings of these challenges and consequently measures are being taken to overcome the same. Indias remarkable economic growth and newfound doorway to arms from abroad have raised the prospect of a major rearmament of the country. But without several policy and organizational changes, Indias efforts to modernize its armed forces will not alter the countrys ability to deal with critical security threats. Indias military modernization needs a transparent, legitimate and efficient procurement process. Further, a chief of defense faculty could reconcile the competing priorities across the common chord military services. Finally, Indias defense research agencies need to be subjected to greater oversight.Indias rapid economic gro wth and newfound access to military technology, especially by way of its rapprochement with the United States, have raised hopes of a military revival in the country. Against this optimism about the rise of Indian military power stands the realness that India has not been able to alter its military-strategic position despite being one of the worlds largest importers of advanced conventional weapons for three decades.Civil-military relations in India have focused too heavily on one side of the fuss how to ensure civilian control over the armed forces, while neglecting the other how to build and field an effective military force. This imbalance in civil-military relations has caused military modernization and reforms to suffer from a lack of political guidance, disunity of purpose and effort and material and intellectual corruption.The set up of Strategic RestraintSixty years after embarking on a rivalry with Pakistan, India has not been able to alter its strategic relationship w ith a country less than one-fifth its size. Indias many counterinsurgencies have lasted twenty years on an average, double the worldwide average. Since the 1998 nuclear tests, constitutions of a growing projectile gap with Pakistan have called into question the quality of Indias nuclear deterrent. The high point of Indian military history the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971- therefore, stands in penetrating contrast to the persistent inability of the country to raise effective military forces.No factor more accounts for the haphazard nature of Indian military modernization than the lack of political leadership on defense, stemming from the doctrine of strategic restraint. Key political leaders rejected the use of force as an instrument of politics in favor of a policy of strategic restraint that minimized the importance of the military.The Government of India held to its strong anti-militarism despite the reality of conflict and war that followed independence. Much has been mad e of the downgrading of the service chiefs in the protocol rank, but of greater consequence was the elevation of military science and research as essential to the long-term defense of India over the armed forces themselves. Nehru invited British physicist P.M.S. Blackett to examine the relationship between science and defense. Blackett came back with a report that called for capping Indian defense spending at 2 percent of gross domestic product and limited military modernization. He also recomm stop state funding and monomania of military research laboratories and established his protg, Daulat Singh Kothari, as the head of the labs.Indian defense spending decreased during the 1950s. Of the three services, the Indian Navy authoritative greater attention with negotiations for the acquisition of Indias first aircraft carrier. The Indian Air Force acquired World War II surplus Canberra transport. The Indian Army, the biggest service by a wide margin, went to Congo on a UN peacekeepi ng operation mission, but was neglected overall. India had its first defense procurement scandal when purchasing old jeeps and experienced its first civil-military crisis when an the States chief threatened to renounce protesting political contraceptive device in military matters. The decade culminated in the governments forward policy against China, which Nehru foisted on an unprepared army, and led to the war of 1962 with China that ended in a humiliating Indian defeat.The foremost lesson of 1962 was that India could not afford further military retrenchment. The Indian government launched a significant military expansion program that doubled the size of the army and raised a fighting air force. With the focus shifting North, the Indian Navy legitimate less attention. A less recognized lesson of the war was that political interference in military matters ought to be limited. The military and especially the army asked for and receive operational and institutional autonomy, a fact most visible in the wars of 1965 and 1971.The fuss, however, was that the political leadership did not suddenly become more palmy with the military as an institution they remained wary of the possibility of a coup detat and militarism more generally.The Indian civil-military relations landscape has changed marginally since. In the eighties, there was a degree of political-military confluence in the Rajiv Gandhi government Rajiv appointed a military buff, Arun Singh, as the minister of state for defense. At the same time, Krishnaswami Sundarji, an exceptional(a) officer, became the army chief. in concert they launched an ambitious program of military modernization in retort to Pakistani rearmament and nuclearization. Pakistans nuclearization allowed that country to escalate the subconventional conflict in Kashmir while stemming Indian ability to escalate to a general war, where it had superiority. India is yet to emerge from this stability-instability paradox.The puzzle of Brasstacks stands in a line of similar endings. In 1971, India did not push the advantage of its victory in the eastern theatre to the West. Instead, tender Delhi, underuberrealist Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, signed on to an equivocal agreement at Simla that committed both sides to peaceful resolution of future disputes without any enforcement measures. Indias decision to wait 24 years between its first nuclear test in 1974 and the second set of tests in 1998 is equally puzzling. Why did it not follow through after the 1974 test, and why did it test in 1998? underlying these puzzles is a remarkable preference for strategic restraint. Indian leaders plainly have not seen the use of force as a reusable instrument of politics. This foundation of ambivalence informs Indian defense policy, and consequently its military modernization and reform efforts.To be sure, military restraint in a region as volatile as South Asia is wise and has helped hold the great powers to accommodate I ndias rise, but it does not help military planning. Together with the separation of the armed forces from the government, divisions among the services and between the services and other related agencies, and the inability of the military to seek formal support for policies it deems important, Indias strategic restraint has served to deny political guidance to the efforts of the armed forces to modernize. As wise as strategic restraint may be, Pakistan, Indias primary rival, hardly believes it to be true. capital of Pakistan prepares as if India were an aggressive power and this has a real impact on Indias security.Domestic And Regional ConstraintsIndia faces several daunting domestic and border challenges within its own neighborhood that may prevent it from thinking more globally including the unresolved issue of Kashmir, an increasingly grave Maoist threat, Islamic terrorism from Pakistan, and unresolved border issues with China which broke out in war in 1962. Beijings effort to b eef up its presence in South Asia is also seen as challenging Indian dominance there. The Lack of systemIndias military modernization clay, and in all likelihood will continue to be, an a-strategic pursuit of new technology with little vision. There is a w mussiness host of problems that the nation faces, includingLittle political guidance from the civilian leadership to the military. This is true even on the general issue of what Indias major goals should be. Even the Indian navy, which is often assumed to be the most forward thinking institution within Indias military, does not see itself as more than a naval block up vis--vis Pakistan.Lack of organizational and institutional reforms. The need to reprioritize resources is never addressed, what is addressed is the procurement of new material, thus making modernization merely an exercise in running(a) expansion.No legitimate and transparent procurement system. As a result, purchases are often ridden with scandals, corrupt, del ayed and highly politicized. Indias Defense inquiry and organic evolution Organization (DRDO) is also a failed organization that is ideologically corrupt, but there has not been an honest attempt to put it under public scrutiny. instability in Civil-Military RelationsWhat suffices for a military modernization plan is a wish list of weapon systems amounting to as much as $100 billion from the three services and hollow announcements of coming breakthroughs from the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), the premier agency for military research in India.The process is illustrative. The armed forces propose to acquire certain weapon systems. The political leadership and the civilian bureaucracy, especially the Ministry of Finance, react to these requests, agreeing on some and rejecting others. A number of dys feeds ensue.First, the services see things differently and their plans are essentially uncoordinated. approach shot off the experience of the Kargil war and Opera tion Parakram, the Indian Army seems to have arrived at a Cold Start doctrine, seeking to find some fighting space between subconventional conflict and nuclear exchange in the standoff with Pakistan. The doctrine may not be official policy, but it informs the armys wish list, where attack helicopters, tanks and long-range artillery stand out as marquee items. The Indian Air Force (IAF), meanwhile, is the primary instrument of the countrys nuclear deterrent. The IAFs close second role is air superiority and air defense. compressed air support, to which the IAF has belatedly agreed and which is essential to the armys Cold Start doctrine, is a distant fourth.The Indian Navy wants to secure the countrys sea-lanes of communications, protect its energy supplies and defy its trade routes. It wants further to be the vehicle of Indian naval diplomacy and sees a role in the anti-piracy efforts in the Malacca Straits and the trump of Africa. What is less clear is how the Indian Navy might co ntribute in the event of a war with Pakistan. The navy would like simply to meeting past the problem of Pakistan and reach for the grander projects. Accordingly, the Indian Navys biggest procurement order is a retrofitted aircraft carrier from Russia.Indias three services have dramatically different views of what their role in Indias security should be, and there is no political effort to ensure this coordination. Cold Start remains an iffy proposition. Indias nuclear deterrent remains tethered to a single delivery system fighter aircraft. Meanwhile, the Indian Armys energies are dissipated with counterinsurgency duties, which might increase manifold if the army is told to fight the rising leftist insurgency, the Naxalites. And all this at a time when the primary security threat to the country has been terrorism. After the Mumbai attacks, the Indian government and the people of India are said to have resolved to tackle the problem headlong, but today the governments minister in cha rge of internal security, Palaniappan Chidambaram, is more under siege himself than seizing the hidden enemy.Second, despite repeated calls for and commissions into reforms in the higher(prenominal) defense structure, planning, intelligence, defense production and procurement, the Indian national security establishment remains fragmented and uncoordinated. The government and armed forces have succeeded in reforms primed by additions to the defense budget but failed to institute reforms that require changes in organization and priorities.The Kargil Review Committee, and the Group of Ministers report that followed, for example, recommended a slew of reforms. The changes most readily implemented were those that created new commands, agencies and task forces, essentially linear expansion backed by new budgetary allocations. The changes least likely to occur were those required changes in the hierarchy.The most common example of spoilt reform is the long-standing recommendation for a ch ief of defense staff. A military chief, as opposed to the service chiefs, could be a solution to the problem that causes the three services not to reconcile their prGas sensing Properties of Te Thin Films Thickness and UVGas Sensing Properties of Te Thin Films Thickness and UVThickness and UV irradiation effectuate on the bollocks upconade sensing properties of Te thin fritter awaysAbstractIn this research, ti thin fritters were investigated for use as hydrogen sulfide throttle demodulators. To this end, a tellurium thin pictorial matter has been deposited on Al2o3substratums by thermic evaporation, and the influence of heaviness on the sensitiveness of the tellurium thin subscribe for mensuration H2S assail is canvas. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, examine electron microscope(SEM) and Raman Spectrometer were utilise for characterizing the prepared warnings. XRD patterns indicate that as the weightiness increases, the crystallization improves. Observing the ima ges obtained by SEM,itisseenthat the instill size increases as the oppressiveness increases, and consequently, fewer defects will be seen in the surface of the motion picture. Studying the effect of thickness on H2S turgidity measurement, it became obvious that as the thickness increases, the sensitivity decreases and the answer and recuperation time increases. Studying the thermal influence of the thin adopt while metre H2S assail,it becomes obviousthat as the detection temperature of the thin put down increases, sensitivity and the reply and recuperation times reduce. To improve the response and convalescence time of the tellurium thin film for measuring stick H2S turgidity, the influence of UV radiation while measuring H2S muck up was also investigated. The results indicate that the response and recovery times strongly decreaseusing UV radiation.IntroductionTellurium is a P type semiconductor with narrow band gap and a gap energy of 0.35eV which makes it ideal f or use in thin film transistors 1, shoot a line detectors 2-4, optical information storage 5 and shields in passive radiative cool down 6. Recently, it has been shown that the tellurium thin film is sensitive to some toxic gases like H2S 7. Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic and corrosive gas which is organize in coal mines, oil and gas industries, chemical products plants, and the sewers. Exposure to small amounts of this gas (less 50 ppm) causes headache, poor memory, loss of appetite and irritability, while motion picture to large amounts (most of 500 ppm) will cause death after 30-60 transactions 8. So far, various semiconductor metal oxides have beenproducedfor sleuthing H2S gas such as SnO2, WO3, and CeO29-11. The main problem of these sensors is that theyrequire high temperature for measuring H2S gas, and this high temperature will shorten the life of the sensor12. Measuring gas through semiconductor metal oxide depends upon parameters like thickness of the thin film, bank dep osit temperature, and the substratematerial. So far, few reports have been issued about the sensitivity of the tellurium thin film to some reducing and oxidizing gases such as NO2, CO, NH3, and H2S 4,7,13,14. In this research, the influence of the thickness of the tellurium thin film on detecting H2S gas and also the influence of the film temperature and UV radiation while measuring H2S gas have been studied.Experiment detailsTellurium thin films with thicknesses of 100, 200, and ccc nm measured by Quartz digital thickness gauge, were deposited on Al2O3substrate by thermal evaporation of pure tellurium in a tungsten crucible. Substrates were cleaned for 30 minutes by alcohol and acetone in ultrasonic bath. The initial pressure of the vacuum chamber and the temperature of substrate while depositing were respectively 310-5mbar and 373K. The growth rate of the film and the deposition area were respectively 5nm/s and 100mm2. Gold electrodes were deposited on the surface of film throug h thermal evaporation and copper wires were attached to them by property paste. The microstructure of the films was characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of the films surface was determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Sensor response to various dousing of H2S gas was studied in a container made of stainless steel with a ledger of 250cm3.The electrical resistance of the sensors was measured by a multimeter as a feed of time. Gas limitdetection was performed for the films with different thicknesses and at different environment temperatures. The sensors were also exposed to UV radiation while detecting H2S gas. The chemical mechanism of gas detection was investigated by Raman spectroscopy technique. The spectra were recorded earlier and after impression to the gas. Raman spectra of the films were recorded in back scattering geometry with a spectral resolution of 3 cm-1. The 785 nm line of Ar+laser was usedfor excitation.Results and DiscussionX RD patterns of tellurium films with different thicknesses are shown in fig. 1. In this figure, the peaksdenotedwith star are related to Al2O3substrate. At 100 nm,Te thickness peak of low intensity is observed at 27.77which is related to Te (101) with hexagonal structure. At 200 nm, in addition to Te (101), another peak corresponding to Te (100) appears at 23.15. Finally, besides Te (100) and Te (101), a new peak is observed at 40.78which is related to Te (110) with hexagonal structure. From the XRD results, it can be inferred that, thickness increasestheresults in an increase of film crystallinity due to the increase of the number of planes that generate diffraction. Fig. 2 shows the SEM images of prepared Te films at differentthicknesses.S1At 100 nm, the grains are separated from each otherby alarge distance, thereby forming discontinuous and rough surface. increase film thickness leads to an increase of surface homogeneity and continuity, grain size increaseas well. Fig. 3 depicts the resistance variation of the tellurium thin films with different thicknesses at room temperature before moving picture to H2S gas. It can be seen that the film resistance decrease with thickness increase due to step-down of irregularity in grain arrangement and inhomogeneity onthefilm surface,which leads to a better charge carrier mobility. The sensitivity of the films to H2S is given byS=Where Raand Rgare the electrical resistance of the film in the air and the H2S respectively. Fig. 4 shows the effect of Te film thickness on sensitivity to 8ppm of H2S at room temperature.Note that the film sensitivity decreaseswithan increase inthickness. To explain this behavior, it is worth mentioning that the proposed mechanism for H2S gas measurement is as follows the type O in the air is adsorbed by the film surface, especially in the grain boundaries and film porosities. After adsorption, group O reacts with Te film surface and based on the film temperature, it can be ionised into O2 , O2-, O(in the temperatures less than 150C the ionization form is O2). These forms of oxygen ionization increase the film hole density which meansa reduction of Rain P type semiconductor such as Te. As H2S gas is added, it reacts with ionized oxygenand the result will bethereturn of electrons inside the film and reduction of the hole numbers and increase of Rgresistance. The reactions are shown belowO2(gas) O2(ads)(1)O2(ads)+ e O2(ads)(2)H2S(gas)+O2(ads) H2(gas)+SO2(gas)+ e(3)At 100 nm Te thickness, the presence of a high density of grain boundaries and defects results in a high H2S gas adsorption which causes noticeable variations in film electrical resistance,indicating an increase of sensitivity. At higher thickness, where the grain boundary and defects densities decrease,the changes in resistance are intangible involving a decrease in the sensitivity as shown in fig. 4. The other important characteristic of sensor is its selectivity. The sensitivity on exposure to 10 ppm of CO, NH3and NO was found to be 3 %,40 % and -67 % (negative sign indicates reduction in resistance), respectively. Thus we see that the Te films have much larger sensitivity towards H2S gas in comparison to other gases. Fig. 5 shows the response kinetics of Te films at different thickness (100 nm and 200 nm) after exposure to 8ppm H2S. Considering the response and recovery times, the times for reaching 90% of steady-state values of Raand Rgrespectivelycan be defined. It can be clearly seen in fig. 5 that thickness increase leads to an increase of response and recovery times. The former and the latter are due to high adsorption rate of H2S and O2gases, respectively, at 100 nm by the great numbers of grain boundaries and defects 15. Fig. 6 shows Raman spectra of 100 nm Te sample before and after exposure to 8 ppm H2S gas at room temperature. In both spectra, peaks at 123, 143 and 267 cm-1are related to tellurium. Two other peaksobserved in sample before inducing H2S gasat 680 and 811 cm-1 are assigned to TeO216. let on that the intensity of oxide phase is much less than that of Te phase indicating that a low fraction of Te film is oxidized,whichisdue to Te atoms on the surface 17. After exposure to H2S gas,based onthe proposedreaction mechanismthe TeO2peaks have almost disappeared. In addition, no peak corresponding to H2S or compounds of sulfur or hydrogen is detected in film after exposure to H2S gas. Fig. 7 shows the sensors sensitivity as a function of H2S gas absorption for 100, 200 and 300 nm samples at room temperature. The film to 100 nm Te thickness presents a linear response fromthe8 to 34 ppm range and the film sensitivity seems to saturate at higher concentration. As expected, from fig. 7it can be seenthat the sensitivity decreases as the film thickness is increased. Figure 8 shows the results related to response and recovery time for all sampleswhile being exposed to various concentrationsof H2S gasatroom temperature. Studying the resultsit isclearthat as the H2S gas concentration increases, the response time decreases and the recovery time increases.Thisis because as H2S gas concentration increases, the probability of a reaction between gas and ionized oxygen becomes more probable, and more reactionswill be observedin a shorter time which causes the resistance to change faster and finally reach a constant level. As the concentration goes up, more H2S gas molecules are absorb and their desorption requires a longer time. The resistance of different samples as a function of detection temperature before exposure to H2S gasis shown in fig. 9. In all thickness, a decrease of resistivity is observed with temperature increase due to electrical properties of semiconductor, as well as increase of oxidation reaction rate. In the caseof300 nm Te films the variation of resistance is undistinguished because ofthevery low resistance of this sample. Fig.10 shows the results related to sensitivity as a function of temperature while being expose d to 8ppm of H2S gas. Investigating the results,it is found that temperature rise leads to reductions insensitivity in all samples, because the number of charge carriers in samples increases asthetemperature rises and as a result, when samples are exposed to H2S gas, no tangible resistance change is observed and sensitivity decreases 18. In samples with 300nm thickness and with temperatures above 90Cthere is no sensitivity against H2S gas,since the number of charge carriers is sohighthat their change is never tangible by reaction with H2S gas. Fig. 11 shows the recovery and response times as a function of temperature while being exposedto8 ppm H2S gas. In all samples,as the temperature rises the response and recovery time decreases. Overall, two factors are effective for a reaction first, the molecules which are going to take part in the reaction must have a lot of energy, second, they must collide with one another in an appropriate direction. Temperature rise causes an increase in energy and more effective collisions will take place between reactants, and the response and recovery time decrease. To study the effect of UV irradiation on the sensor properties during the gas detection, samples are simultaneously exposed to 8 ppm H2S gas and UV radiationatroom temperature. Fig. 12 shows a comparison between the sensor sensitivity of the UV exposedand unexposed cases as a function of Te film thickness. It is obvious that application of UV radiation results in a dramatic reduction of sensors sensitivity. As it is well-know, UV radiation creates secondary charge carriers by an excess of electron-hole pairs formation.Increase of charge carriers numberinvolves a decrease of resistance such that the changes of resistancearenot tangible while reacting with H2S gas. Fig. 13 presents the recovery and response times as a function of H2S gas concentration before and after exposure to UV radiation.It is observedthat the recovery and response times strongly depend on UV radi ation. These two parameters decrease with UV radiation due to existence of electron-hole pairs. The created electrons react with adsorbed oxygen, so the number of ionized oxygen reacting with H2S gas increase, which can result in an increase of reaction rate between oxygen and H2S gas. The above explanations can be summarized in the following reactionsO2(gas) O2(ads)(4)O2(ads) + e O2(ads)(5)h e + hO2(ads)+ e 2O(ads)(6)H2S(gas) + O(ads) H2(gas) + SO(gas) +e(7)It is worthnoting that the increase of UV radiation intensity has no effect on sensitivity,response and recovery times of Te sensors. Also, to evaluate sensor stability, the samples of 100 nm and 200 nm Te filmweresubjected to 8 ppm H2S at room temperaturefor 60 days, thentheir basic resistance and sensitivity were measured as shown in fig. 14. The results indicate that both resistance and sensitivity of sensors remainnearlyconstant, support suitability of Te films for use as sensor.ConclusionIn this work, thickness effect of Te films for H2S gas sensing are investigated. A strong dependenceonelectrical resistance and sensitivity to Te film thickness is observed.Thismeans that increasing the thickness leads to a decrease of sensor sensitivity and increase of response and recovery times.Consideringthe sensing mechanism of Te thin films which is based on the interaction of ionized oxygen with H2S gas, the grain boundaries and the surface roughness could be considered as active sites for trapping the gas molecules. Thickness increase leads to a decrease of these active sites. The results show that although the Te sensor can operate at room temperature, a decrease of response-recovery times can be obtained at higher operating temperatures. Raman spectroscopy shows that adsorbed oxygen on the surface of Te films can be aloof after exposure to H2S gas,leading to changes in the film resistance,UV radiation,as well as response-recovery times. The prepared sensors present a stability in sensitivity and resistanc e for 60 days after exposure to H2S gas which confirmstheir ability tobeusedas H2S gas sensor.

Ethical Situation in Healthcare

ethical Situation in Health explosive chargeAzmir Bin Abdul Latiff doubt 3Discuss the property described from the perspective of the health and forgiving services professional.What would be the well-nigh discriminate solution to the situation? run into on in your answer theethical frameworks, theories and principles appropriate to responding to the scenariorelevant professional codes of moral philosophy and codes of practicerelevant legislation and guidelines, statute and common law, government guidelines.ethnical and community values related to the issue, andcomment on what would be appropriate and inappropriate responses of the health professional to the situation.Case Study ThreeDr Simons was the advanced Surgical Consultant at a large public infirmary. He was trained in the USA, and came with a reputation for existence rattling fierce. Dr Simons on a regular basis yelled at other stave, in particular Nurses, if his requests were not bid a shot met. He justified tha t if Chefs could yell at staff in a kitchen, where nobodys life is at stake, he could yell at incompetence when it is a life and death situation. Although the Nursing staff disliked Dr Simons, they continued to work with him as they felt intimidated.One nurse, Clare, worked in Recovery where she looked later on patients directly after they had surgery. She noticed that a very large proportion of Dr Simons patients were in considerable pain in the neck after surgery, and several(prenominal) patients had adverse outcomes such as heavy bleeding from the surgical site. Clare was concerned about this, but was sassistd to embrace it for fear of reprisal from Dr Simons.Eventu tot everyyy she was so worried about the patients health she made an official affection to the hospital management. She was called in to the Director of Nursing and told that if she ever made trouble like that again, a reason would be found to not continue her employment. She was told that Dr Simons was a elder staff member, and she had no right to make complaints about his medical checkup exam conduct as she was only a Nurse.What should Clares response be?As health care professionals, Nurse Clare and doctor Simons are shore by or influenced by professional codes of practice and ethics, Hippocraticoaths, statutes and laws and government guidelines. Clare was being responsible and professional by reporting and making an official complaint to the hospital management as she was concerned for the health and well being of her patients. It is her responsibility to report any(prenominal) suspicions of malpractice or lacking(p) care to the high sureness if the senior staff members do not investigate and take actions to mitigate the suspicions.Considering that most of Doctor Simons patients were in a jackpot of pain and were exhibiting signs of heavy bleeding at the surgical site, Clare did raised her concerns to the hospital management and may hand over had exposed him to medical malprac tice in the process. alternatively of investigating the issue, the hospital management threatened to discontinue her employment. The fact that Doctor Simon is protected by the senior staff members despite his incompetence and medical malpractice is disturbing. Health professionals commit codes of practice and guidelines to abide by. The National law requires Clare to report to a government body, AHPRA , if registered health practiti integrityr knows of another practitioners destructive actions. AHPRA is a government body that focuses on serious cases of inferior practice or conduct by practitioners, or serious cases of impairment. This is to guard duty patients and to reduce or prevent the luck of potential reproach from a result of medical malpractice, negligence or impairment. A mandatory apprisal requirement helps to prevent the public from being placed at risk of harm. This shows that Clare have the right to report Doctor Simons attitude and actions to AHPRA if the senior sta ff members do not take action against Doctor Simon after the reported incidents as Doctor Simon have behaved in a behavior that poses a serious risk to the public.ethical motive refers to standards of behaviors which are the best contingent act in the many situations and issues that are raised as concerns. morals are not based on science, law, religion, authorized social norm, or feelings. It is viewed as entreees or processes such as, the utilitarian draw near, an approach that is the one that departs the most good or does the least harm. The Utilitarian Approach deals with penalty it tries some(prenominal) to increase the good done and to reduce the harm done. The Rights Approach is the one that best protects and respects the moral rights of those affected. This approach starts from the belief that valet de chambres have a dignity based on their human nature and their might to choose freely what they do with their lives. TheJustice Approach, the idea that all people shou ld be treated equally and fairly. Each of the approaches helps us determine what standards of behavior domiciliate be considered ethical. As there are still problems with the mentioned approaches, not all healthcare professionals agree to the specific approaches or the same ensnare of human and civil rights. An ethical framework based on the approaches is to first make do the ethical issue. After that, the healthcare professional must gather all the facts pertaining to the issue. He/she then must learn more about the situation and lay down the options available before acting on it. Subsequently, the attached step would be to evaluate alternative approaches like the Utilitarian approach, Rights approach or Justice approach that best fits the situation. After considering the suitable approach needed to tackle the situation, he/she must act on the resolute options. The end result must be reflected and evaluated if need be for that improvements.As a healthcare professional, Doctor Simon is to abide by the Ethics that is in the best interest of his patients. This means that he must provide the best healthcare and at the same time, reduce the amount of harm done on his patients. In Clares perspective, she viewed Doctor Simons actions as most harmful to the patients as he had caused a lot of pain and bleeding to his patients surgical site. As he did not abide by the Ethics in Clares viewpoint, she has the right to report him to the high authority to protect the patients.The practice of Doctor Simon who caused pain and heavy bleedings to his patients was accepted by his peers may be due to the Bolam test where traditionally, doctors were not said to have breached their duty of care if they acted in accordance with a practice accepted by their peers Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee (1957). As their peers were the ones who set the standard, substandard care and malpractice were more prominent during those times as ample as the practice conducted is a ccepted by the rest. However, this soon changed because of an incident whereby a patient was left almost blind when the doctor had failed in inform her on the risk of sympathetic ophthalmia. In this case, there were two argue sides in which one would inform the patient and another would not inform. overdue to this, the law was changed and the standard was set not by peers but by the court instead.Based on the Professional code of Ethics and Conduct, Ethical Frameworks, Theories and Principles, and Law and Guidelines, Clare should report to AHPRA if the higher authorities did not take any actions against Doctor Simon. By reporting to AHPRA also on the gloss of the higher authority in her hospital, Clare would be able to break the inappropriate culture that is similar to Bolam test. By doing so, Clare would be able to help stop the substandard practices and minimize the potential harm on the patients while maximizing the healthcare system to its optimum capabilities. This way, the patients would be able to receive better care with a methodological and ethical approach.ReferencesDhai, A. (2008). Understanding professionalism in health care in the twenty first century.SADJ, 63, 174, 176-7Faunce, T., Shat, K., Adams, C. (2008). Health the law. Hot topics (Sydney, N.S.W.) no. 64.Retrieved on 30/5/2014 from http//www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Codes-Guidelines/Guidelines-for-mandatory-notifications.aspxM.Velasquez, D. Moberg, M. J. Meyer, T. Shanks, M. R. McLean, D. DeCosse, Claire Andre and Kirk O. Hanson. A Framework for Thinking Ethically (May 2009) retrieved from http//www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html