Arab Israeli War 1967

Arab Israeli War 1967IntroductionIsrael and Arabs have fought a number of contends after 1947. After the creation of Israel in 14 may 1948, Arab and Israel became front to front in 1949, 1956, and 1967 and in 1973. Among on the whole those the struggle of 5 -10 June 1967 also noted for six days warfare was the one of the major conflict. For Arabs it was the visit and for Israel it was a war of survival. The outcome of war became a smite for Arabs and victory for Israel. The entire Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights and Jordanian territory west of River Jordan including capital of Israel was captured by Israel. This campaign taken as one of example in the history as fateful effects on striking to antagonist confessions through deep penetration in very short end of time. ( array command and staff collage, 2012).AimThe arrest of this presentation is to analyze the close making and brought out lesson learned from 1967 Arab Israel war.Historical BackgroundHistorically Ar abs and Jews argon sprung from the prophets Ismael and Issac both sons of prophet Abraham. oracle Ismael is believed to be the ancestor of the Arabs while Prophet Issac became the ancestor of Jews. So for both the Palestine is holy land.The creation of Israel on 14 may 1948 was the main cause betwixt Jews and Arabs conflicts. Arabs considered the creation of Israel as an fencesitter State is plot a take a leakst the people of Palestine by the Europeans and Americans.In 1956 Israel attack Egypt with the support of Britain and France to open Suez Canal. They occupied Gaza strip and large character of Sinai nevertheless left the area because of international pressure and 1967 war was taken as a sequel to these conflicts.Major factors for the 1967 conflictAfter the 1956 war there are many issues arises in this area. Arabs are looking to revenge for their loss in 1956 and for Israel it was always the survival after its creation. According to Rowman Littlefield (2000) slightly of the important factors, which contributed directly towards escalation of 1967 conflict, are as followsa. Refusal of Arabs to recognize Israel as independent state. change magnitude activities of Palestinian insurrectionists Al- FATEH against Israel.b. Withdrawal of United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) on 19 may 1967 that increased the already existing tension between Egypt and Israel.c. The Mutual Defense Pact signed by Egypt and Syria in 4 Nov 1966 and Jordan Egypt Defense Agreement on 30 May 1967 that strategically adventure the Israeld. Closing of Channels of Tiran that cut off the Israeli access to redness sea. On which the Israelis adjacently responded with a pre-emptive attack on June 5, 1967 that is starting of famous six-day war.Analyze the 1967 WarShort six days war of 1967 agitate the big boundary in the Middle East. After this war Israelis strategic situation had changed and they became more stronger where as the Arabs faces the humiliating loss. Different histori ans examine this war in their different way. Army command and staff collage (2012) analyzed this six days war as follows.Arabs content Aim/Objectives Arabs had zeal for themselves the aim of achieving semipolitical victory over Israel. To achieve this, they signed defense pacts among themselves and planned to give economic, political, psychological and military pressure to Israel.National outline Ever since the creation of the Israel as independent State, the Arabs national outline is the destruction of it and creation of an independent Palestine.Military Strategy The Arabs had no offence intention at the outset. Their total emphasis was on achieving a political victory and preventing Israel from going to war. Therefore, their military schema was(1) Deterrence through legions concentration helping guerrilla activity and playing the card of shell Israel, in the Arab world.(2) Force militarisation for long duration and closing of walk of Tiran, which Israel could not able to afford.(3) If war is imposed, draw in Israel to fight war on one-third fronts, all from Sinai, Jordan and Syria.Centre of Gravity Arabs identified Israel Defense forces as the burden of gravity. But they failed to notice that within these their strength lay in their mobility.Concept of mathematical operationa. War on more than two fronts to contain Israelis committed in all directions.b. Initiate actions desire forward concentration, guerrilla activities and closing of Straits of Tiran which will force Israel either to submit or attack the Arabs, which is politically advantageous for Arabs.c. If the war starts, involve Israel in long-drawn war of attrition and exploit their numerical inferiority.IsraelNational Aim/Objectives The national aim of Israel was the survival and defense of their homeland. Their strategic concept has been to avoid war but if a war is imposed they were to go for a quick and decisive war.National Strategy Israel had the national aim of ensuring the sov ereignty and territorial right of their country by employing all possible instruments of national power like military, political and diplomatic.Military Strategy Israel military objective was offensive against Arabs for defense of their homeland. Therefore there military strategy was(1) confusion Arabs both at strategic and tactical train to lure them into a false spirit of complacency.(2) Undertake a pre-emptive pushover strike to achieve complete zephyr transcendence over Sinai.(3) Undertake a pre-emptive ground offensive too.(a) bear on the war on enemy territory and seek decisive involvement on their soil.(b) Have a short and decided war destroying the Egyptian forces in Sinai.(c) If Jordan and Syria also enter the war, then capture strategic objectives of watt Bank of River Jordan and the Golan Heights.Center of Gravity Israelis rightly identified that within the three Arab countries the center of gravity laid in Egypt especially its armed forces. erst Egyptian Army Is destroyed, Syria and Jordan could never initiate an offensive on their own. They therefore dealt with the Egyptian air and ground forces first deferring Syria and Jordan for the time being.Concept of OperationEmployment of all conceivable political and psychological measures to give an depression to Arabs that Israel had been outwitted in time and space and was not in a vex to under-take a major offensive.Having completely deceived the Arabs, acquire complete air favourable position by under taking a pre-emptive air strike against Egyptian air bases followed by similar strikes against Jordanian and Syrian air bases.Appreciating that center of gravity lay with Egyptian Army in Sinai, Israelis decided to preserve a swift dislocation of Egyptian defenses by breaking-through the critical trilateral of Rafah, EI-Arish and Abu Agheila, isolate them and then carry-out destruction of the trapped enemy.Maintain signly a defensive posture against Syria and Jordan. And after secured a nd destroy the Egyptian side in the Sinai, concentrate forces against Jordan and Syria.Main Reason of Loss/Achievement of War ruin brat Perception by Arabs There are full of examples in history that whenever a nation or a commander misfortune to calculate the capabilities and intentions of the enemys he had to pay heavy price. comparable here the Arabs completely misread Israeli reactions, in- pique of there own rousing actions. They failed to perceive the inherent mobility of Israeli ground forces and went wrong in their reach that they would be able to involve Israel into a long-drawn war of attrition on their three successive defense lines which Israel couldnt manage.Strategy of Pre-emption by Israelis Fully conscious vulnerability due to lack of strategic erudition and multi-directional threat from Arab states, Israel had well prepared to use the plectrum of pre-emption. Israelis knew that it would be gruelling to destroy Arabs in full front war without taking initial in itiative. So that they use the strategy of pre-emption for which they are fully prepared.Lessons LearntThreat Perception The correct visualization of enemy was very important to gain initiative in war which the Arabs failed resulting loss in war.Surprise Surprise at strategic as well as tactical level in war is very key to achieve success. In spite of inferior in number and equipment Israeli achieve success because of there surprise not besides lies on the military but at political leadership as well.Strategy of Pre-emption Israels strategy of pre-emption adequately showed the importance of this strategy especially for a force inferior in number and equipment.Training High standard direction oriented educational activity can bring amazing results. Training is the only aspect by which one can offset the quantitative superiority of enemy as shown by Israelis in this war.Intelligence Correct intelligence information about enemy intents, capabilities and preparation has always been of paramount importance. This fact was further highlighted by these wars.Decision Theories in 1967 in WarCognitive accomplishment As crisis induced stress grows up and need of more telling termination making authority and bold leadership. When stress was low, Israelis decision makers evaluated all courses properly and made decisions for their interest. And their stress increased after closing of straits, which was perceive as a threat to their basic values. During this situation also Israels decision makers were psychologically prone to reliance on past experience, which created a greater conceptual rigidity as a guide to make out with current threats to basic values. They seemed to be acutely aware of their complex environment. Increasing stress and fatigue during this crisis did not weaken their dimension of cognitive performance. (Brecher and Geist ,1980). concentrate on immediate objectives We find that Israelis decision makers gave more attention to immediate than long-te rm objectives in this 1967 crisis. Like countering the blockade of the Straits, withdrawal of UNEF and Arabs military base up. But long-term goals and interests influenced all the decisions taken after the crisis. Brecher and Geist (1980) clustered the decisions into quin stress phases corresponding to time periods. Which are detailed in remit below.S.N. attempt var.sTime PeriodsDecisions Taken1Low Stress PhaseBefore 17 MayIssue a threat of avenging against Syria 7 MayPlace the IDF on alert 15 MayLimited mobilization 16 May2Rising Stress Phase1722 May 1967Order further mobilization of IDF reserves 17 MayInstitute large scale mobilization 19 MayShift IDF from defensive to offensive posture 19 MayAuthorize the mobilization decision 21 May3Higher Stress Phase23-27 May 1967Postpone decision on military response to Egypts massing of troops- 23 MaySend orthogonal Minister to U.S.- 23 MayWarn the U.S. that an Egyptian attack was at hand(predicate)Await Foreign Ministers repo rt on his discussions in Paris, London, and Washington- 26 May4Highest Stress Phase28 May- 4 JuneDelay pre-emptive decision again- 28 MayRenew the IDF alert- 28 MaySend manager of Counter Intelligence to U.S.- 30 MayForm a National Unity Government- 1 JuneCrystalize military plans 2 JuneLaunch pre-emptive air strike 4 June5Declining Stress PhaseAfter 4 JuneWarn Jordan against military intervention 5 JuneDelay attack on Jerusalems old(a) City 5 JuneEncircle the Old City 6 JuneEnter to Old City- 7 JuneHalt IDF enhance east of the Canal 7 JuneNot to cross Syrian parade 7 JuneDelay attack on Syria -8 JuneScale the Golan Heights 9 JuneAccept cease fire 10 June lucid Theory Rational choice theory provides decision-makers choose their best options for their interest. It tell us that when face with risk, decision makers consider the expected values and probabilities of possible outcomes and choose the option with the highest value. For Israel and Egypt, those periods were a tu rbulent period of international relations. During those times both Israel and Egypt were ceaselessly faced with risky decisions while at the brink of war. The decisions made by these two states, specifically the decisions to go to war, were sometimes unexpected and unexplainable disposed(p) current models of rational choice. (Kelly, 2008).ConclusionAlthough the 1967 Arab Israel war was limited type of war happened only for six days, it has been the favorite subjects for military historians. This war gives real throw of saying Offense is best form of Defense. This war shows how leadership, wills, motivation and training count in war in spite of technology.ReferenceArmy control and Staff Collage. (2012). Military fib Primer. Kathmandu Army Command and Staff Collage.Brecher, M., Geist, B. (1980). Decision in Crisis Israel, 1967 and 1973. Vol. 1. (Pg. 341-394). California University of California.Bregman, A. (2009). Israels Wars A History since 1947. Routledge.Howard, M., and Hun ter, R. (2012). Israel and the Arab World the Crisis of 1967. Routledge.Kelly, N. and Christopher, B. (2008). Ripe without warning Israel and Egypt 1967-1973. African Journal of Political acquirement and International Relations. Vol. 2 (1), (Pg. 013-019). Retrieved from http//www.academicjournals.org/AJPSIR.Popp, R. (2006). Stumbling Decidedly into the Six- sidereal day War. MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL. Vol. 60(2), (Pg. 281-309)Remnick, D. (2007). The Seventh Day Why the Six Day War is still being fought.Sudetic, S. (2014). preemption and Israeli Decision- Making in 1967 and 1973. Routledge. Retrieved from http//www.e-ir.info/2014/03/16/pre-emption-and-israeli-decision-making-in-1967-and-1973/

Study on Employee Satisfaction Levels

weigh on Employee expiation LevelsINTRODUCTION homosexual resource Development has in fresh stratum be obtain the direction of attention of imageners policy clerics and administration. It is in-chief(postnominal) non nonwithstanding(prenominal) for an enterprise further everyplacely for a soil to win its human resources. Employees think e very(prenominal)where Satisf take onion is wholeness of the main argonas of HRD.Organizations be social dusts where human resources atomic amount 18 the roughly great factors for effectiveness and qualification. Organizations consume effective managers and employees to contact their objectives. Organizations push a postnot succeed with step up their personnel efforts and lading. transmission line joy is exact to retaining and attracting rise up-qualified personnel. This is e excessly an issue in medical institutions much(prenominal) as hospitals where peculiar(a)ist training and retention argon highly importantE mployee muse mirth is an locating that nation invite ab show up their assembly beds and the nerves in which they transact these stage bloods. Methodologic whollyy, we female genitals define muse ecstasy as an employees simulateive reply to a vocation, based on a comparison between veritable pop hold ups and desired outcomes. hypothesize enjoyment is loosely recognized as a multifaceted construct that includes employee smellings about a variety of both built-in and extrinsic position-on elements. It encompasses specific aspects of happiness related to pay, take ins, promotion, break conditions, supervision, organisational practices and wholeiances with co- cypherers.Concerns about employee descent rejoicing be just as full of life in the app arl industry as they argon in bracing(prenominal) business sectors. Similarly, the motivation to investigate air satisfaction among soundly(p)ness charge employees is similar to the interest of research concerning furrow satisfaction in industrial scenes.Numerous factors influence employee melodic phrase satisfaction, including salaries, belt benefits, achievement, autonomy, recognition, confabulation, on the crinkle(p) conditions, duty importance, co attainers, degree of professionalism, organisational climate, interpersonal human relationships, on the argument(p)s for a reputable agency, supervisory support, exacting affectivity, job security, workplace flexibility, working within a team up environment and genetic factors. Sources of low satisfaction are associated with working with crude or inappropriately trained staff, wakeless tasks such(prenominal) as text exciteation, repetition of duties, tensions within map expectations, mathematical function ambiguity, role conflict, job/patient anguish, feeling overloaded, the increasing posit to be addressable for over succession, relations with co-workers, personal factors and organizational factorsIrvine an d Evans (1995) provoke overly on a lower dump occupancyd the importance of work characteristics (routine, autonomy and feed rump), characteristics of how the work role is defined (role conflict and role ambiguity) and characteristics of the work environment (drawing pestership, stress, advancement opport building block of mea certainlymenties and participation) in relation to job satisfaction.Justification for the need to investigate job satisfaction is exemplified in the seemingly observed relationship between the levels of job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, unfairness expression, tardiness, low morale and high turnover. Job satisfaction is an immediate ancestor of intention to leave the workplace and turnover. unsatisfied workers go forth leave their jobs much(prenominal)(prenominal) than than their satisfied colleagues. Retention and turnover of staff, particularly highly skilled personnel, are important issues for managers in the current health care environment. E mployees who experience job satisfaction are more(prenominal) be interchangeable to be productive and quell on the job. Furthermore, more satisfied employees subscribe more innovative activities in continuous lineament improvement and more participation in decision- airing in organizations. Job satisfaction is similarly belowcoat to be positively-related to patient satisfaction.Among de destinationinants of job satisfaction, leaders is entranceed as an important soothsayer and plays a central role. leaders is a management function, which is nearlyly say towards plurality and social interaction, as puff up as the process of influencing mint so that they will achieve the goals of the organization. Numerous studies carried out in al approximately(prenominal)(prenominal) countries showed that at that place is a positive correlation between leadership and the job satisfaction of health care providersOrganizational success in obtaining its goals and objectives depends on managers and their leadership tendency. By utilise appropriate leadership modes, managers washstand affect employee job satisfaction, commitment and productivity.leaders style stub be viewed as a series of managerial attitudes, behaviors, characteristics and skills based on individual and organizational assesss, leadership interests and reliability of employees in different situations. It is the ability of a leader to influence subordinates to performing at their highest capability. This factor captures the extent to which management see workers, operates with h angiotensin converting enzymesty and integrity, promotes efficiency, and has open lines of communication with employees.The subject of leadership is interesting for umpteen researchers. The continued search for wakeless leaders has resulted in the development of more leadership theories. Studies collapse been carried out to determine how leadership behaviors locoweed be used to influence employees for amend organizational outcomes. In the past several decades, management experts stool underg nonpareil a revolution in how they define leadership and their attitudes toward it. They have gone from a very classical autocratic draw near to a very inventive and participative approach. Ideas about management and leadership have changed considerably in recent course of instructions. People today are better-educated and more articulate. They squeeze out no longer be commanded in the uniform carriage as in front. in that location inevitably to be much more pursuit and participation at work.There are several styles of leadership such as autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez-faire, charismatic, democratic, participative, situational, transactional, and transformational leadership. Not everyone agrees that a particular style of leadership will result in the nearly effective form of organizational behavior. distinct styles were take for different situations and separately leader needed t o arouse it on when to evidence a particular approach. No one leadership style is utilisation for every situation, since a leader may have knowledge and skills to act effectively in one situation but may not emerge as effectively in a different situation. phoner PROFILEINTRODUCTION OF bespeak slyness bespeak device particular started in the socio-economic class 1972 by Mr. Sudhir Dhingra with four employees and wherefore orient deceitfulness was set up in the course of instruction 1978 to take over the breathing business and has now braggart(a) to 8000 employees in xvii factories. taper chicanery Indias No. 1 equip Manufacturer and Exporter and is the recipient of the Gold confront given by Govt. of India for highest worldwide exports out of the country for the year 1997, 1998, 2000 2001. likewise m any(prenominal) a(prenominal) spick-and-span(prenominal) export and timbre awards, target stratagem win the highest award for being Indias larges break down apparel manufacturer and excessively the award for being the second largest in global exports for the year 1999. place shenanigan bagged the Bid World reference commitment International Start divide in the Platinum crime syndicate for the year 2001 and Gold award for the year 2000 and won also many opposite awards and certificates from the Ministry of Textiles and states like on kinfolk 19, 2004, Won the Entrepreneur of the year 2003 from the prestigious Ludhiana Management Association.The family is festering rapidly, year after year and has its manufacturing facilities spread over 6000000 sq. ft. area with seventeen factories in and around Delhi. an other(prenominal) state of the art Manufacturing Complex, covering 3, 40,000 sq. ft. of cover space is completed in December 2001. This manufacturing facility is the single largest manufacturing give in whole of India producing crook and sew knits, woven sportswear, ladies formal suits and sweaters under one roof.Compa ny has the near modern manufacturing endts in the country with over 1, 40,000 sq/ ft. of covered area in one location. The ac companion deploys over 73000 import fix machines for its manufacturing carrying outs in Woven and Knit social units. The guild has in- abide research lab testing for plumes, textiles, and trims. Its labs are hale equipped to test for completely parameters including food coloring-Fasteners to light. Orient Craft Limited also has several in-house latest Computerized Unit, In-house apparel discolour Units, Manual Sand-b passing and laser sand-blasting units.The company has three 100% export lie unit thereby having the vantage of importing alone raw stuffs, trims light or duty from any part of the world. The company also has a peculiar(a)ized Home furnishing Division, Wherein all(prenominal) Soft Furnishing products are manufactured and exported to some of the approximately prominent brands. federation PROFILE OF 7D ORIENT CRAFT special7-D , Maruti Industrial complex, Sec-18 Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon (HR)Tel 0124-2342043 to 47, 5090800, Fax 0124-2341110, 2342042 year Established 1995Type of company privately HeldOwners/Directors Mr. Sudhir DhingraMr. K. K. KohliMr. Anoop ThataiMr. Ravi DhingraMr. VikasMr. Sahil DhingraMrs. Manju DhingraAnnual Turnover F.O.B. US $ Million for 2003-2004Minimum Order bar 200 xii per ardorNo. of plenty Employed 8500 in-house outturn Capacities 50000 Dozen Per Month (Woven)50000 Dozen Per Month (Knits) subject area Export Markets U.S.A. E.E.C., CanadaMajor Products BlousesSkirtsPants and shortsDressesJackets tire outMens ShirtsKids wear Co-ordinatesKnitted Shirts/T-ShirtsMajor Customers Dillards Stores bonceGapTommy HilfigerJ-CrewLiz ClaiborneSusan Bristol succeeding(a) retail Ltd.NikeDockersAnn TaylorBanana RepublicJ. G. HookRalph LaurenJones of new-made YorkLevisLands EndAbarcrombie and Fitch confederation ENVIRONMENT OF 7D 7ACompany is situated in approximately 10 acres of land. It is having a beautiful garden in front and is surrounded by confused decorative plants. Interior is well facilitated for normal working conditions. virtually 3500 people are working here. Among them most of them are very co-operative, well behaving with outsiders. Company is giving all flake of facilities to its employees like transport, canteen, medical and other incentives. The new HRD and labor welfare plane subsection of this company on one side playing a bully role by arrange every part, to put up maximum benefit to the company and on the other it is taking care of all employees and workers, it is also giving chance to new people to build their career as strong as assertable in their reputed company.The mathematical product part of this grind is divided into six units. here no. of machines are more than 1000. maroon horizontal surface is called basement or 2nd unit. Here shift, refinement, fasten are simultaneously going on. Next to 2nd, unit 1 is resign w here discriminating, sewing as well as finishing takes place. Above 1st unit 3rd unit is there, which is also known as 100% EOU, Where only product is going on i.e. sewing and finishing. Above 3rd unit 4th unit is there, there also only sewing and finishing takes place. The top floor is called as 5th unit where sewing, finishing and fancywork is also going on. The last unit in 7A is called 6th unit where sewing and finishing takes place.In the present scenario of stiff competition of forest and price in the world-wide market, the Indian coiffe industry is not in the position of producing an high-priced and lower smell product. Looking at the present market see of producing inexpensive and lower lumber product, Orient Craft have to affix the productivity, lower the wastages on merc lotise floor and make use of attachments, folders, special machines and equipment to have a neat whole step product, in all these activities industrial engineer plays an important role. Toda y the industrial engineering has become the plump for bone of the garment industry.In Orient Craft Ltd., Industrial plan Department consist of an I.E. judgement, eight I.E. exe chuck outives describe to Mr. Brian Long (VP Technical). Each I.E. exe runningive director is asgestural the particular takings floors, indeed this division is covering all the floors of 7-D, 6-C, 14-A, Home furnishing and try part. Besides working on enhancing the productivity and property, get down wastages, seemly work of resources like special machines and equipments, this incision is also designate the project like designing the floor layouts for the new production floors and to develop new production techniques to increase the productivity.RULES AND indebtedness OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEER IN ORIENT CRAFT LIMITED try Re-Engineering- The work of an industrial starts with sampling re-engineering at the proto-stage so as to get to best possible crook and the use of folders and attachments in the style.Pre-production planning- Pre-production planning starts with the receiving of a sample from the merchant of the stages of the twain pieces, which is to be made on the production floor. afterward receiving the sample the initial operation bullet layout and new style urgency tacking is made. The target of making initial o/b, and layout is to know the quantity and type if workforce, machines, attachments, presses, bucks, profiles, dies etc postulate in the style and make sure everything is in house at the pilot stage.Target setting- afterwards having a rough idea of manpower and machines essential from the initial o/b the company has to find out exactly how many machines and manpower is needed in the style. For this 5 pieces of acidulous is interpreted and time motion study of that 5 pieces with RD plane section utilise the proper method, motion and rating is make. nett operation air and layout- afterwards tune and motion study the company make final operatio n bulletin and layout from this finally the company come to know the number of manpower and machines required to meet the targets. This operation bulletin and layout has to be cross pinched by I.E head and so it is signed by RD head and because it is passed to production manager.Line setting- Line setting is the implementation of the layout and operation bulletin, which is done in conjunction with line in charge, supervisor, mechanic, Q.A and technician.Bottle neck identification- After line setting the next job is to know the bottleneck of the line due which targets are not met. celebrate ups- This is one of the important job of industrial engineer, to do the follow up of machines folders attachments, dies, profiles whether they are in house or not in advance the production starts and to be in reject with concerned persons for that and to make sure everything in house before the production. office of modern equipment- To know and develop attachments and folders, which can be u sed on production floors to enhance productivity and also to make sure the proper utilization of modern machines and equipment on the production floor.Projects- Besides all the in a high place activities we are also handle projects on plant layouts, settings up of pre-assembly section etc.Reporting- This includes the reason why the targets are not met and action taken by production manager to croak it. This report is given to I.E head on the casual basis.INTRODUCTION OF THE prime(prenominal) plane sectionIts gives immense entertainment in introducing Orient Craft as one of the quality subdivision in Hand embellishment, Adda flip ones wigy, Computer embroidery, and tool Embroidery Schiff lie Embroidery.This subdivision has a modern and very advanced(a) design which give a good quality to production to moderate soundbox in quality of outfits with our embroider and in house sampling works.Embroidery Department has been in the forefront with other incision in creating t he good quality and acceptability. over the year Embroidery Department has stepped up in the quality track down and is today giving good quality that are increasingly finding acceptability with buyers.In the prevailing situation, the company call for all rounder, not specia controversy. These all are created with the help of the brisk team of the company. The team supports each(prenominal) other and with the help of training team gets confidence. Today, orient Craft is more comfortable in handling both quality as well as quantity.And sure, with an excellent team of people, the department is set to cruise higher(prenominal) altitudes in future.ROLE OF THE EMBROIDERY DEPARTMENTThis Department is now very supporting in Orient Craft Ltd. Representing the company from the last some years Embroidery department provides the resources expertness and dedication support to production, and the company employ has dedicated themselves in making an acceptability quality for Buyer.Embroider y Department has been helping to production department dramatically grow their business for the company, as a part of their commitment to being a value adding department of Orient Craft Limited.Embroidery Department has over the year acquired strong and meaningful business relationship with production, Merchant twistting department the company always been in style with the fashion trends.Orient Craft is now trying to emphasize on converting the quality to make the process, touch free for the production department.The company is assure the quality and thoroughgoing shopworn action with its in-house production.So now it can be said that this department is playing a very important role in Orient Craft Limited.DOCUMENT USED IN THE COMPANYMaterial raptus Slip (MTS Book) is very important inventory for the maintaining the records of whichever style run in Embroidery department. every last(predicate) records can be maintained aright with MTS books as it is very important for the company.ROLE OF THE expectationThe attitude of the company with the new joiner person is very supportive and accommodative with that person. To achieve the better quality and better embroidery design, the company higher officers should have better fellow feeling of the workers need and priorities. One should be more dedicated towards their commitments of work. And this can be only achieved if the company has the estimable people and their processes are transparent and forever optimized to achieve higher quality at lower cost.ITS FLOW chartStitch PiecesCutting Dept-Unstitch PiecesProd Dep Emb DepEmb Dep Issue to EmbroiderIssue to Embroider reed after Emb.Reed after Emb character reference examineing case Checking Cutting business FinishingCENTRALIZED natural live AT ORIENT CRAFT LIMITEDSIGNIFICANCE OF AN ORGANIZED irate ROOM-On amount a garment had approximately 50%-60% of its total allocated to model and nonetheless, most manufacturing units have no quality and pro duction system monitor the direction, cattle farm and sharp of it. The sewing department on the other hand only makes up to 20%- 30% of the total cost of a garment but accounts for nearly all the observe and productivity costs.INTRODUCTION-Orient Craft Ltd. has centralized carving facilities. The shimmy of paper direction is feuding to all the spend floors situated in Udoyg Vihar. The company follows spaciotemporal production and quality procedures in sour room.FORMATES USED IN CUTTING ROOMApproval for stinger go aheadCall out for bang-upCutter efficiency chartDaily cut planMonthly cut planCutting file checklist model liberalizationApproval additional cuttingBundle hear system subterfuge code for different shrinkingCutting RDHourly reportFusing systemCUTTING ROOM PROCEDURES IN ORIENT CRAFT LIMITED-Pre -production run into is organized to discourse all the aspects of a style. All the concerned persons, for example merchandiser, production manager, IED, cutting mana ger, precedent master etc is present in this meeting, to discuss the technicalities. In the cutting department there are three cutting teams. Master prepares a cut order plan and after job order is procured from the production manager, master gets the fabric from the fabric stores and maker from the CAD department.Most commonality considerations during cut order planningNo of sizes in orderNo of color in the order utmost/minimum no of sizes allowed in markerMaximum spread continuanceMaximum ply altitudeFabric cost per yardCut table fabric largenessWidth variationFabric utilization reportFabric inspection reportLot card shrinkage reportFabric having Lycra, spandex, wool blend are relaxed for 10 to 12 hours, prior to gap.Quality authorisation inspector conducts inspection after spreadhead and cutting.He checks the layer for pastime defects-After spreading sign placing emphasisMiscutNotchesBowingLeaningOthersAfter cuttingAccuracyMatching the top, nerve center and bottom pl y with conformationNotches/drill holesFabric layering system-broadcaster in the cutting room grows layer spreading cutting job card from the master. This document has all the exposit for the spreading of each lay. From this document the spreading personnel can make sure that the following fabric flesh out are level before beginning to spreadFabric typeFabric compriseFabric widthShrinkageColorLot no social class continuanceNo of piecesTotal piecesQuality bind of the spreading-As soon as the spreading of a lay is finished the quality arrogance inspector is asked to check it before cutting can commence. The quality guard inspector in the cutting room will receive the spreading and cutting report from the cutting room manager. This document has all the relevant details for the inspector, to reassure that the spreading is full.The quality assurance inspector ensures the following-FabricNumber of heapsLay lengthEnds tautnessRemnantSplices praxisQuality control of the marker-T he quality control inspector would check the following- train markerRatioPatternMissing pieces on the marker is rather a common conundrum in cutting rooms especially if number of components in a garment is more. That is why the total no of the anatomy pieces is checked. There moldiness be no overlapping of the pattern pieces on the marker either. erstwhile the fabric is cut there is no question of taking it back for a change or refund. All possible precautions must be taken in the cutting room to ensure that once the prod cuts into the fabric everything is correct.Quality control of cutting-After the quality assurance inspector approves the spreading, the lay is ready for cutting. The cutter can also make sure that the following marker details are correct before starting to cut the fabric.Cut numberMarker numberMarker lengthFabric spreading lengthThe cutting personnel ensure that the markers have been placed in the correct direction on the fabric. Areas for checking are as foll ows get a line that all the edges of the marker have fabric underneath them-ends and sides.Ensures that the marker is laid square to the fabric and not-at an angle to the fabric. If this not controlled then it will create problems in the sewing section.Fusing system-A properly trained supervisor is appointed to check temperature, pressure and timing beat each morning, noon, mid afternoon and at critical fabric changes. Check for consistent temperature and across fusing head. The quality control department on daily basis reviews results. Quality assurance department evaluates fusible parts for defects such as color change, surface style and hand feel. melt line temperatures are established using temperature papers. Fuse line temperature is the temperature between the ticktack fabric and the fusible product at the time of fusing. Some quantify due to special finishes on the boom fabric, fusing machine is adjusted accordingly. numeration system-This is probably one of the most im portant control points in the manufacturing process. All the components are numbered including parts of the garments that have embroidery, fusing or washing and other value addition. If numbering is not done, then the problems of shaded garments, incorrect sized garments and garment pieces occur. These entire problem can be avoided using number system.The company is having separates numbering tables. Once cutting is carried out, the cut parts are put on the trolley and moved to the numbering table. Separate numbering tables are the best as they allow the cutting table to be absolved immediately after the cutting of the fabric has taken place.Stickers can be located on either the right or wrong side of the fabric depending on whether the garment will have interlining attached to it. It should be noted that if the stickers are attached to the right side of the fabric, then snickering not left on the fabric.GARMENT bear on UNITAim To work towards most moderate washes while tangenc y a right labyrinthine sense of handwork and chemistry. Also to achieve/ beget consistency of shades and tender production techniques keeping in view the requirement of our esteem clientele.Capabilities - well starting with neat rinse washes, te sand wash, peach hand brushing on party wears, whickering linked with optical maser sand blasting and tinting on Denims.Garment overdyes -we have to our experience, Heavy canvas Garment overdyes added with stone enzyme wash to give it a weathered look vintage Grannys garment looks are possible. We do garment over dyes on Linen, Denims, canvas, Twills and the list is being added upon every day at our RD section. Range of colors is useableOn demand, shade bands are well taken care of.For twills, we have facility to do BIOPOLISHING which added with sand wash, silicone wash, gives fabulous hand feel, and a strong crisp as and how desired.Laser - The design made over the surface of fabric by laser engraving technology are being strongly p ursued by various customer of OCL this fashion is yet to Explored by masses as it is a Rare Technology. healthy seeing believes and only few of special clientele of orient craftiness saw this machine creating designs on various denims, canvas, jersey, and especially overdyes left speechless, yet smiling.STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR TRIMS realise Indent from MerchandiserEnsure that work sheet describes the complete specifications of accessories. descend the trafficker to whom order is to be placed based upon rates. pitch the bribe orderPlace the P.O. to the vendor and enter the details in get recitalRECEIPT fit information of material arrival on with notification/challanVerify the explanation and quantity of bill with relevant P.O and P.O evidenceVerify the quantity with billSend one piece of the associate on the approval card to the concerned merchandiser. However, approval is not required for production equipments and consumablesEnter the details of consignment in st ore pass on modify melody register and style sheet in fileISSUE find oneself requirement of material on requisition slip and verify authorized signaturesPrepare challan for the items to be issuedIssue the material and get acknowledgement on the challanUpdate stock register and style sheet in fileReceive the material submited from production along with style number manoeuverd on return challanVerify that the material is not damaged. If so, indicate on challanUpdate stock registerSTORAGE PRESERVATION elapse the rejected material in the area defined for itKeep the sanctioned material at defined locationEnsure that adequate antifertility measures are taken to safe-guard the material against damageLITERATURE REVIEW essence AND NATURE OF transaction contentmentThe term Job comfort is of ample relevance in the field of operations of human resource management. So we can define Job mirth aJob bliss is a set of favorable or unfavorable feeling which employees view in their work.J ob Satisfaction is the fulfilment and gratification that comes from work. It is not the money, the benefits or the vacations. It is the good feeling one receive from doing his work itself. Anyone who works in an organization develops a set of attitude about work which is usually referred under the term job satisfaction. worry other attitudes Job Satisfaction is constitute of emotional informational and behavioral elements can vary in intensity and consistency can be acquired from a variety of sources. Virtually every job can provide a level of satisfaction.Job Satisfaction comes when one accept a job for what it is and exploits the sources of satisfaction that comes with it. Many different sources of satisfaction are tied to the same job. Good feeling can come from high performance, quality work, erudition new skills, working as a part of a team, assisting coworkers, and receiving compliments.Job Satisfaction is achieved daily by archeological site out satisfiers wherever they c an be found. This is true even if an individual is marking time until he or she gets into a better attack aircraft carrier area. The trick is to enjoy your present job while you prepare for a better one. Many people gain considerable satisfaction from doing common jobs. They make quality time out of their working hours no discipline what their assignment may be.So, from the backchat we can say that job Satisfaction and different aspects of their job. It is the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs. As it is generally assessed, job satisfaction is an attitudinal variable. In the part, job Satisfaction was approached by some researcher from the prospect of need fulfillment- that is whether or not the job meets the employees physical and psychological needs for the things provided by works such as pay.LEVELS OF SATISFACTIONJob Satisfaction varies. Researcher suggests, the higher the prestige of the job, the great the job satisfaction. But, many workers are satisfied in even the least(prenominal) prestigious jobs. They simply like what they do.-Most workers like their work if they have small supervision.-The list satisfied workers are those in service occupations and managers that work for others.-Ethnic and unearthly orientation is associated to work attitudes and Job Satisfaction is related to education.EFFECTS OF JOB SATISFACTION ON ATTITUDES OF THE EMPLOYEESThe termStudy on Employee Satisfaction LevelsStudy on Employee Satisfaction LevelsINTRODUCTIONHuman resource Development has in recent year become the focus of attention of planners policy makers and administration. It is important not only for an enterprise but also for a nation to develop its human resources. Employees Job Satisfaction is one of the main areas of HRD.Organizations are social systems where human resources are the most important factors for effectiveness and efficiency. Organizations need effective managers and employees to achieve their objectives. Organizations cannot succeed without their personnel efforts and commitment. Job satisfaction is critical to retaining and attracting well-qualified personnel. This is especially an issue in medical institutions such as hospitals where specialist training and retention are highly importantEmployee job satisfaction is an attitude that people have about their jobs and the organizations in which they perform these jobs. Methodologically, we can define job satisfaction as an employees affective reaction to a job, based on a comparison between actual outcomes and desired outcomes. Job satisfaction is generally recognized as a multifaceted construct that includes employee feelings about a variety of both intrinsic and extrinsic job elements. It encompasses specific aspects of satisfaction related to pay, benefits, promotion, work conditions, supervision, organizational practices and relationships with co-workers.Concerns about employee job satisfaction are just as critical in the apparel industry as they are in other business sectors. Similarly, the motivation to investigate job satisfaction among health care employees is similar to the interest of research concerning job satisfaction in industrial settings.Numerous factors influence employee job satisfaction, including salaries, fringe benefits, achievement, autonomy, recognition, communication, working conditions, job importance, co workers, degree of professionalism, organizational climate, interpersonal relationships, working for a reputable agency, supervisory support, positive affectivity, job security, workplace flexibility, working within a team environment and genetic factors. Sources of low satisfaction are associated with working with unskilled or inappropriately trained staff, laborious tasks such as documentation, repetition of duties, tensions within role expectations, role ambiguity, role conflict, job/patient care, feeling overloaded, the increasing need to be available for overtime, rel ations with co-workers, personal factors and organizational factorsIrvine and Evans (1995) have also underlined the importance of work characteristics (routine, autonomy and feedback), characteristics of how the work role is defined (role conflict and role ambiguity) and characteristics of the work environment (leadership, stress, advancement opportunities and participation) in relation to job satisfaction.Justification for the need to investigate job satisfaction is exemplified in the seemingly observed relationship between the levels of job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, grievance expression, tardiness, low morale and high turnover. Job satisfaction is an immediate antecedent of intention to leave the workplace and turnover. Unsatisfied workers will leave their jobs more than their satisfied colleagues. Retention and turnover of staff, particularly highly skilled personnel, are important issues for managers in the current health care environment. Employees who experience job satisf action are more likely to be productive and stay on the job. Furthermore, more satisfied employees have more innovative activities in continuous quality improvement and more participation in decision-making in organizations. Job satisfaction is also found to be positively-related to patient satisfaction.Among determinants of job satisfaction, leadership is viewed as an important predictor and plays a central role. Leadership is a management function, which is mostly directed towards people and social interaction, as well as the process of influencing people so that they will achieve the goals of the organization. Numerous studies carried out in several countries showed that there is a positive correlation between leadership and the job satisfaction of health care providersOrganizational success in obtaining its goals and objectives depends on managers and their leadership style. By using appropriate leadership styles, managers can affect employee job satisfaction, commitment and pro ductivity.Leadership style can be viewed as a series of managerial attitudes, behaviors, characteristics and skills based on individual and organizational values, leadership interests and reliability of employees in different situations. It is the ability of a leader to influence subordinates to performing at their highest capability. This factor captures the extent to which management respects workers, operates with honesty and integrity, promotes efficiency, and has open lines of communication with employees.The subject of leadership is interesting for many researchers. The continued search for good leaders has resulted in the development of many leadership theories. Studies have been carried out to determine how leadership behaviors can be used to influence employees for improved organizational outcomes. In the past several decades, management experts have undergone a revolution in how they define leadership and their attitudes toward it. They have gone from a very classical auto cratic approach to a very creative and participative approach. Ideas about management and leadership have changed considerably in recent years. People today are better-educated and more articulate. They can no longer be commanded in the same way as before. There needs to be much more involvement and participation at work.There are several styles of leadership such as autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez-faire, charismatic, democratic, participative, situational, transactional, and transformational leadership. Not everyone agrees that a particular style of leadership will result in the most effective form of organizational behavior. Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach. No one leadership style is ideal for every situation, since a leader may have knowledge and skills to act effectively in one situation but may not emerge as effectively in a different situation.COMPANY PROFILEINTRODUCTION OF ORIENT CRAF TOrient Craft Limited started in the year 1972 by Mr. Sudhir Dhingra with four employees and then Orient Craft was set up in the year 1978 to take over the existing business and has now grown to 8000 employees in seventeen factories.Orient Craft Indias No. 1 Garment Manufacturer and Exporter and is the recipient of the Gold Trophy given by Govt. of India for highest global exports out of the country for the year 1997, 1998, 2000 2001. Besides many other export and quality awards, Orient Craft won the highest award for being Indias larges knit apparel manufacturer and also the award for being the second largest in global exports for the year 1999. Orient Craft bagged the Bid World Quality commitment International Start Award in the Platinum Category for the year 2001 and Gold award for the year 2000 and won also many other awards and certificates from the Ministry of Textiles and states like on Sep 19, 2004, Won the Entrepreneur of the year 2003 from the prestigious Ludhiana Managem ent Association.The company is growing rapidly, year after year and has its manufacturing facilities spread over 6000000 sq. ft. area with seventeen factories in and around Delhi. Another state of the art Manufacturing Complex, covering 3, 40,000 sq. ft. of covered space is completed in December 2001. This manufacturing facility is the single largest manufacturing plant in whole of India producing cut and sew knits, woven sportswear, ladies formal suits and sweaters under one roof.Company has the most modern manufacturing plants in the country with over 1, 40,000 sq/ ft. of covered area in one location. The company deploys over 73000 imported sewing machines for its manufacturing operations in Woven and Knit units. The company has in-house lab testing for garments, fabrics, and trims. Its labs are well equipped to test for all parameters including Color-Fasteners to light. Orient Craft Limited also has several in-house latest Computerized Unit, In-house garment Dyeing Units, Manual Sand-blasting and laser sand-blasting units.The company has three 100% export oriented unit thereby having the advantage of importing all raw materials, trims free or duty from any part of the world. The company also has a specialized Home furnishing Division, Wherein all Soft Furnishing products are manufactured and exported to some of the most prominent brands.COMPANY PROFILE OF 7D ORIENT CRAFT LIMITED7-D, Maruti Industrial complex, Sec-18 Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon (HR)Tel 0124-2342043 to 47, 5090800, Fax 0124-2341110, 2342042Year Established 1995Type of company Privately HeldOwners/Directors Mr. Sudhir DhingraMr. K. K. KohliMr. Anoop ThataiMr. Ravi DhingraMr. VikasMr. Sahil DhingraMrs. Manju DhingraAnnual Turnover F.O.B. US $ Million for 2003-2004Minimum Order Quantity 200 Dozen per StyleNo. of people Employed 8500 in-houseProduction Capacities 50000 Dozen Per Month (Woven)50000 Dozen Per Month (Knits)Major Export Markets U.S.A. E.E.C., CanadaMajor Products BlousesSkirtsPants and s hortsDressesJacketsOutwearMens ShirtsKids wear Co-ordinatesKnitted Shirts/T-ShirtsMajor Customers Dillards StoresLoftGapTommy HilfigerJ-CrewLiz ClaiborneSusan BristolNext Retail Ltd.NikeDockersAnn TaylorBanana RepublicJ. G. HookRalph LaurenJones of New YorkLevisLands EndAbarcrombie and FitchCOMPANY ENVIRONMENT OF 7D 7ACompany is situated in approximately 10 acres of land. It is having a beautiful garden in front and is surrounded by various decorative plants. Interior is well facilitated for normal working conditions. Nearly 3500 people are working here. Among them most of them are very co-operative, well behaving with outsiders. Company is giving all type of facilities to its employees like transport, canteen, medical and other incentives. The new HRD and labor welfare department of this company on one side playing a great role by tuning every department, to get maximum benefit to the company and on the other it is taking care of all employees and workers, it is also giving chance to new people to build their career as strong as possible in their reputed company.The production part of this factory is divided into six units. Here no. of machines are more than 1000. Ground floor is called basement or 2nd unit. Here cutting, finishing, sewing are simultaneously going on. Next to 2nd, unit 1 is present where cutting, sewing as well as finishing takes place. Above 1st unit 3rd unit is there, which is also known as 100% EOU, Where only production is going on i.e. sewing and finishing. Above 3rd unit 4th unit is there, there also only sewing and finishing takes place. The top floor is called as 5th unit where sewing, finishing and embroidery is also going on. The last unit in 7A is called 6th unit where sewing and finishing takes place.In the present scenario of stiff competition of quality and price in the international market, the Indian garment industry is not in the position of producing an expensive and lower quality product. Looking at the present market dema nd of producing inexpensive and lower quality product, Orient Craft have to increase the productivity, lower the wastages on production floor and make use of attachments, folders, special machines and equipment to have a good quality product, in all these activities industrial engineer plays an important role. Today the industrial engineering has become the back bone of the garment industry.In Orient Craft Ltd., Industrial Engineering Department consist of an I.E. head, eight I.E. executives reporting to Mr. Brian Long (VP Technical). Each I.E. executive is assigned the particular production floors, thus this department is covering all the floors of 7-D, 6-C, 14-A, Home furnishing and sampling department. Besides working on enhancing the productivity and quality, lowering wastages, proper utilization of resources like special machines and equipments, this department is also assigned the project like designing the floor layouts for the new production floors and to develop new product ion techniques to increase the productivity.RULES AND RESPONSIBILITY OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEER IN ORIENT CRAFT LIMITEDSampling Re-Engineering- The work of an industrial starts with sampling re-engineering at the proto-stage so as to get to best possible construction and the use of folders and attachments in the style.Pre-production planning- Pre-production planning starts with the receiving of a sample from the merchant of the stages of the two pieces, which is to be made on the production floor. After receiving the sample the initial operation bullet layout and new style requirement sheet is made. The purpose of making initial o/b, and layout is to know the quantity and type if manpower, machines, attachments, presses, bucks, profiles, dies etc required in the style and make sure everything is in house at the pilot stage.Target setting- After having a rough idea of manpower and machines required from the initial o/b the company has to find out exactly how many machines and manpower is needed in the style. For this 5 pieces of cutting is taken and time motion study of that 5 pieces with RD department using the proper method, motion and rating is done.Final operation bulletin and layout- After tune and motion study the company make final operation bulletin and layout from this finally the company come to know the number of manpower and machines required to meet the targets. This operation bulletin and layout has to be cross checked by I.E head and then it is signed by RD head and then it is passed to production manager.Line setting- Line setting is the implementation of the layout and operation bulletin, which is done in conjunction with line in charge, supervisor, mechanic, Q.A and technician.Bottle neck identification- After line setting the next job is to know the bottleneck of the line due which targets are not met.Follow ups- This is one of the important job of industrial engineer, to do the follow up of machines folders attachments, dies, profiles whether th ey are in house or not before the production starts and to be in correct with concerned persons for that and to make sure everything in house before the production.Use of modern equipment- To know and develop attachments and folders, which can be used on production floors to enhance productivity and also to make sure the proper utilization of modern machines and equipment on the production floor.Projects- Besides all the above activities we are also handle projects on plant layouts, settings up of pre-assembly section etc.Reporting- This includes the reason why the targets are not met and action taken by production manager to eliminate it. This report is given to I.E head on the daily basis.INTRODUCTION OF THE QUALITY DEPARTMENTIts gives immense pleasure in introducing Orient Craft as one of the quality department in Hand Embroidery, Adda Embroidery, Computer Embroidery, and Machine Embroidery Schiff lie Embroidery.This department has a modern and very sophisticated design which gi ve a good quality to production to ensure consistency in quality of Garments with our embroider and in house sampling works.Embroidery Department has been in the forefront with other department in creating the good quality and acceptability. Over the year Embroidery Department has stepped up in the quality ladder and is today giving good quality that are increasingly finding acceptability with buyers.In the prevailing situation, the company needs all rounder, not specialist. These all are created with the help of the existing team of the company. The team supports each other and with the help of training team gets confidence. Today, orient Craft is more comfortable in handling both quality as well as quantity.And sure, with an excellent team of people, the department is set to cruise higher altitudes in future.ROLE OF THE EMBROIDERY DEPARTMENTThis Department is now very supporting in Orient Craft Ltd. Representing the company from the last few years Embroidery department provides th e resources expertise and dedication support to production, and the company employ has dedicated themselves in making an acceptability quality for Buyer.Embroidery Department has been helping to production department dramatically grow their business for the company, as a part of their commitment to being a value adding department of Orient Craft Limited.Embroidery Department has over the year acquired strong and meaningful business relationship with production, Merchant Cutting department the company always been in vogue with the fashion trends.Orient Craft is now trying to emphasize on converting the quality to make the process, trouble free for the production department.The company is assuring the quality and total standard action with its in-house production.So now it can be said that this department is playing a very important role in Orient Craft Limited.DOCUMENT USED IN THE COMPANYMaterial Transfer Slip (MTS Book) is very important document for the maintaining the records of whichever style run in Embroidery department. All records can be maintained properly with MTS books as it is very important for the company.ROLE OF THE CANDIDATEThe attitude of the company with the new joiner person is very supportive and cooperative with that person. To achieve the better quality and better embroidery design, the company higher officers should have better understanding of the workers need and priorities. One should be more dedicated towards their commitments of work. And this can be only achieved if the company has the right people and their processes are transparent and continuously optimized to achieve higher quality at lower cost.ITS FLOW CHARTStitch PiecesCutting Dept-Unstitch PiecesProd Dep Emb DepEmb Dep Issue to EmbroiderIssue to Embroider Reed after Emb.Reed after Emb Quality CheckingQuality Checking CuttingProduction FinishingCENTRALIZED CUTTING ROOM AT ORIENT CRAFT LIMITEDSIGNIFICANCE OF AN ORGANIZED CUTTING ROOM-On average a garment had approximately 50 %-60% of its total allocated to fabric and yet, most manufacturing units have no quality and production system monitor the inspection, spreading and cutting of it. The sewing department on the other hand only makes up to 20%- 30% of the total cost of a garment but accounts for nearly all the monitoring and productivity costs.INTRODUCTION-Orient Craft Ltd. has centralized cutting facilities. The cutting room is feuding to all the swing floors situated in Udoyg Vihar. The company follows comprehensive production and quality procedures in cutting room.FORMATES USED IN CUTTING ROOMApproval for cutting go aheadCall out for cuttingCutter efficiency chartDaily cut planMonthly cut planCutting file checklistFabric relaxationApproval additional cuttingBundle control systemColor code for different shrinkageCutting RDHourly reportFusing systemCUTTING ROOM PROCEDURES IN ORIENT CRAFT LIMITED-Pre -production meeting is organized to discuss all the aspects of a style. All the concerned persons, for example merchandiser, production manager, IED, cutting manager, pattern master etc is present in this meeting, to discuss the technicalities. In the cutting department there are three cutting teams. Master prepares a cut order plan and after job order is received from the production manager, master gets the fabric from the fabric stores and maker from the CAD department.Most common considerations during cut order planningNo of sizes in orderNo of color in the orderMaximum/minimum no of sizes allowed in markerMaximum spread lengthMaximum ply heightFabric cost per yardCut table fabric widthWidth variationFabric utilization reportFabric inspection reportLot cardShrinkage reportFabric having Lycra, spandex, wool blend are relaxed for 10 to 12 hours, prior to spreading.Quality assurance inspector conducts inspection after spreading and cutting.He checks the layer for following defects-After spreadingMarker placingTensionMiscutNotchesBowingLeaningOthersAfter cuttingAccuracyMatching the top, middle and bottom ply with patternNotches/drill holesFabric layering system-Spreader in the cutting room receives layer spreading cutting job card from the master. This document has all the details for the spreading of each lay. From this document the spreading personnel can make sure that the following fabric details are correct before beginning to spreadFabric typeFabric nameFabric widthShrinkageColorLot noLayer lengthNo of piecesTotal piecesQuality control of the spreading-As soon as the spreading of a lay is finished the quality assurance inspector is asked to check it before cutting can commence. The quality control inspector in the cutting room will receive the spreading and cutting report from the cutting room manager. This document has all the relevant details for the inspector, to ensure that the spreading is right.The quality assurance inspector ensures the following-FabricNumber of pilesLay lengthEndsTensionRemnantSplicesPatternQuality control of the marker-The quali ty control inspector would check the following-Correct markerRatioPatternMissing pieces on the marker is quite a common problem in cutting rooms especially if number of components in a garment is more. That is why the total no of the pattern pieces is checked. There must be no overlapping of the pattern pieces on the marker either.Once the fabric is cut there is no question of taking it back for a change or refund. All possible precautions must be taken in the cutting room to ensure that once the knife cuts into the fabric everything is correct.Quality control of cutting-After the quality assurance inspector approves the spreading, the lay is ready for cutting. The cutter can also make sure that the following marker details are correct before starting to cut the fabric.Cut numberMarker numberMarker lengthFabric spreading lengthThe cutting personnel ensure that the markers have been placed in the correct direction on the fabric. Areas for checking are as followsEnsure that all the ed ges of the marker have fabric underneath them-ends and sides.Ensures that the marker is laid square to the fabric and not-at an angle to the fabric. If this not controlled then it will create problems in the sewing section.Fusing system-A properly trained supervisor is appointed to check temperature, pressure and timing cycle each morning, noon, mid afternoon and at critical fabric changes. Check for consistent temperature and across fusing head. The quality control department on daily basis reviews results. Quality assurance department evaluates fusible parts for defects such as color change, surface appearance and hand feel. Fuse line temperatures are established using temperature papers. Fuse line temperature is the temperature between the shell fabric and the fusible product at the time of fusing. Some times due to special finishes on the shell fabric, fusing machine is adjusted accordingly.Numbering system-This is probably one of the most important control points in the manufac turing process. All the components are numbered including parts of the garments that have embroidery, fusing or washing and other value addition. If numbering is not done, then the problems of shaded garments, incorrect sized garments and garment pieces occur. These entire problem can be avoided using number system.The company is having separates numbering tables. Once cutting is carried out, the cut parts are put on the trolley and moved to the numbering table. Separate numbering tables are the best as they allow the cutting table to be cleared immediately after the cutting of the fabric has taken place.Stickers can be located on either the right or wrong side of the fabric depending on whether the garment will have interlining attached to it. It should be noted that if the stickers are attached to the right side of the fabric, then snickering not left on the fabric.GARMENT PROCESSING UNITAim To work towards most moderate washes while striking a right balance of handwork and chemi stry. Also to achieve/generate consistency of shades and quick production techniques keeping in view the requirement of our esteem clientele.Capabilities - well starting with neat rinse washes, silicon sand wash, peach hand brushing on party wears, whickering coupled with Laser sand Blasting and tinting on Denims.Garment overdyes -we have to our experience, Heavy canvas Garment overdyes added with stone enzyme wash to give it a weathered look vintage Grannys garment looks are possible. We do garment over dyes on Linen, Denims, canvas, Twills and the list is being added upon every day at our RD section. Range of colors is availableOn demand, shade bands are well taken care of.For twills, we have facility to do BIOPOLISHING which added with sand wash, silicone wash, gives fabulous hand feel, and a strong crisp as and how desired.Laser - The design made over the surface of fabric by laser engraving technology are being strongly pursued by various customer of OCL this fashion is yet to Explored by masses as it is a Rare Technology. Well seeing believes and only few of special clientele of orient craft saw this machine creating designs on various denims, canvas, jersey, and especially overdyes left speechless, yet smiling.STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR TRIMSReceive Indent from MerchandiserEnsure that work sheet describes the complete specifications of accessories.Decide the vendor to whom order is to be placed based upon rates.Prepare the purchase orderPlace the P.O. to the vendor and enter the details in purchase registerRECEIPTReceive information of material arrival along with bill/challanVerify the description and quantity of bill with relevant P.O and P.O registerVerify the quantity with billSend one piece of the accessory on the approval card to the concerned merchandiser. However, approval is not required for production equipments and consumablesEnter the details of consignment in store receiptUpdate stock register and style sheet in fileISSUEReceive requi rement of material on requisition slip and verify authorized signaturesPrepare challan for the items to be issuedIssue the material and get acknowledgement on the challanUpdate stock register and style sheet in fileReceive the material returned from production along with style number indicated on return challanVerify that the material is not damaged. If so, indicate on challanUpdate stock registerSTORAGE PRESERVATIONKeep the rejected material in the area defined for itKeep the approved material at defined locationEnsure that adequate preventive measures are taken to safe-guard the material against damageLITERATURE REVIEWMEANING AND NATURE OF JOB SATISFACTIONThe term Job Satisfaction is of great relevance in the field of human resource management. So we can define Job Satisfaction aJob Satisfaction is a set of favorable or unfavorable feeling which employees view in their work.Job Satisfaction is the fulfillment and gratification that comes from work. It is not the money, the benefi ts or the vacations. It is the good feeling one receive from doing his work itself. Anyone who works in an organization develops a set of attitude about work which is usually referred under the term job satisfaction. Like other attitudes Job Satisfaction is composed of emotional informational and behavioral elements can vary in intensity and consistency can be acquired from a variety of sources. Virtually every job can provide a level of satisfaction.Job Satisfaction comes when one accept a job for what it is and exploits the sources of satisfaction that comes with it. Many different sources of satisfaction are tied to the same job. Good feeling can come from high performance, quality work, learning new skills, working as a part of a team, assisting coworkers, and receiving compliments.Job Satisfaction is achieved daily by digging out satisfiers wherever they can be found. This is true even if an individual is marking time until he or she gets into a better carrier area. The trick i s to enjoy your present job while you prepare for a better one. Many people gain considerable satisfaction from doing ordinary jobs. They make quality time out of their working hours no matter what their assignment may be.So, from the discussion we can say that job Satisfaction and different aspects of their job. It is the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs. As it is generally assessed, job satisfaction is an attitudinal variable. In the part, job Satisfaction was approached by some researcher from the perspective of need fulfillment- that is whether or not the job meets the employees physical and psychological needs for the things provided by works such as pay.LEVELS OF SATISFACTIONJob Satisfaction varies. Researcher suggests, the higher the prestige of the job, the greater the job satisfaction. But, many workers are satisfied in even the least prestigious jobs. They simply like what they do.-Most workers like their work if they have little supervision.-The list satisfied workers are those in service occupations and managers that work for others.-Ethnic and religious orientation is associated to work attitudes and Job Satisfaction is related to education.EFFECTS OF JOB SATISFACTION ON ATTITUDES OF THE EMPLOYEESThe term

Environmental Geochemistry of Copper

Env exhortmental Geochemistry of CopperNwankwo Chihurumnanya BelemaFebruary, 2017This continuingle was aimed at providing an insight into the environmental geochemistry of tomentum (Cu). It gave a brief overview of the fact of shit and aras in which it is located planetaryly. It went on to discuss its various somatogenetic and chemical properties, after which it evaluated the extraction and appendageing proficiencys which are drug abused to receive Cu. The diverse uses of Cu in various industries were besides looked at, and then the fades generated during the Cu affect were discussed. The vast routes of Cu pollution in the environment were as well analysed, and the perniciousness of Cu in mankind, animals, aquatic species and micro-organisms were appraised. Lastly, the standards put together to watch Cu film and toxicity were equally identified.The quantity of cop color infra the Earths surface is approximately 50 parts per million (ppm) and it occurs as hero ic star-the likes of structures (Emsley, 2011). It takes opposite innate(p) fashion models in the likes of cuprite which is a strapper(I)oxide exploitral, malachite and azurite which are grunter carbonates, as puff up as chalcocite and chalcopyrite which are pig bed sulphides (McLemore Mullen, 2004). These various slob-bearing minerals and their distinctive copper percentages are sayn in portend 1. It is argued that the distribution of Cu and Zinc (Zn) are quite similar to that of Pb (Lead) (Franklin, Gibson, Jonasson, Galley, 2005), however, further studies show that this is majorly predominant in roadside soils (Bakirdere Yaman, 2008). In the current advancing world, cycle has proven to be a reliable alternate source of copper (Gomez, Guzman, Tilton, 2007). Another key source of copper is skarns, which form by hydro caloric facile reactions in high temperature igneous environments, unremarkably above 2500C (Hammarstrom, 2002). Figure 1. several(a) copper-bearin g minerals and their copper percentages (Emsley, 2011).2.1 EXTRACTIONCopper is ordinarily extracted or mined in the form of copper sulphides in 0.4 -1.0% Cu-containing porphyry copper postulates from massive present pit mines (Melchiorre Enders, 2003), as shown in Appendix A-1. Various mining sites of copper around the world include the USA which has the El Chino Mine in in the altogether Mexico and the Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, as well as Chuquicamata in chile (Crowson, 2012). In 2005, the British geological Survey highlighted that Chile produced about(predicate) one-third of the worlds copper, devising them the top copper producer globally in front of USA, Indonesia and Peru respectively (Nishiyama, 2005) as seen in Appendix A-2. An in-situ heap leach work on is one practicable technique for copper recovery, as most sites in Arizona throw away implemented this technique with recorded successes (Dreisinger, 2006). Since the inception of copper extraction for thousan ds of years, the last two decades nourish accounted for more than half of copper extraction (Martinez-Alier, 2001). It is proposed that over 1014 tons of copper exists in the Earth crusts top kilometre which could last up to 5 million years based on current extraction rates. Nonetheless, the extraction of these vast reserves of copper is limited by current technologies and prices, making only a little portion of it to be economically feasible to exploit (Camus Dilles, 2001).2.2 PROCESSINGIt is typical for the ore in mining operations to be concentrated, thereby making the touch on methods to be dependent on the disposition of the ore (Sadowski, Jazdzyk, Karas, 2003). Ores like chalcopyrite which are sulphide copper minerals are familiarly crushed and ground to release the important minerals from the waste, and then beneficiated using mineral flotation (Peng, Grano, Fornasiero, Ralston, 2003). The next process involves smelting the sulphide concentrates in furnaces to yield ma tte, which is then converted and refined to give anode copper before the last take downedness of electrolysis comes in (Biswas Davenport, 2013). Due to environmental and economic factors, there is always a reclamation of the by-products during the processing of copper, just like the turning of sulphur dioxide into sulphuric acid (Agrawal, Sahu, Pandey, 2004). Any copper ores which are oxidised during the refining process are treated with hydro admixturelurgical extraction (Biswas et al, 2013). A flowchart of the extraction, processing and manufacturing is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2. A flowchart illustrating copper extraction, processing and manufacturing (BGS, 2007).2.3 PROPERTIESCopper is the 29th element on the periodic table in Group 11 with symbol Cu, and it is a ductile, malleable and soft alloy that possesses high electrical (59.6106 S/m) and thermal conductivity (401 W/(m.K) (BGS, 2007). inseparable copper usually has a reddish-orange colour when exposed to air as show n in Figure 3. It has a face-centred cubic crystalline structure, with density of 8.96 g/cm3 at room temperature (Nez Aguilar, 2013). This solid element has a boiling point of 2567 0C and melting point of 1083 0C (BGS, 2007). Copper reacts with oxygen when exposed to air to form a protective layer of copper-oxide, which prevents the metal from corrosion, unlike in iron (Fe) (Balamurugan Mehta, 2001). Various alloys of copper exist including brass (copper and zinc) and bronze (copper and tin), amongst many others (BGS, 2007).Figure 3. Native copper in its natural form (BGS, 2007).2.4 USES60% of copper is used for electrical wires and cables, 20% for plumbing and roofing, 15% for industrial equipment and 5% for use as alloys of bronze and brass (Ayres, Ayres, Rde, 2003) as seen in Figure 4 and Appendix A-3. It is also used as an antibiofouling performer to regulate plant and shellfish growth, and also has antimicrobial function as fungicides and nutritional supplements in the agri cultural sector (Pelletier, Bonnet, Lemarchand, 2009). Its use also cuts crosswise folk medicine for bracelets that relieve arthritis, as well as its use for compression clothing suggested to treat certain ailments (Richmond, 2008). It also serves as a wood preservative, musical instruments, especially the brass instruments like gongs and string instruments like guitars and pianos (Sachs, 2012). Its use is also predominant in the beverage industry for distilling liven like whisky (Lu Gibb, 2008).Figure 4. Various uses of copper in different industries. Data from (CDA, 2016).2.5 DISCARDINGCopper could be recycled from its raw state and also from produced materials, and it ranks as the third most recycled metal behind iron and aluminium as seen in Figure 5 (Agrawal et al., 2004). About 80% of all globally extracted copper is still in use currently, probably because the recycle process is similar to the extraction process, only with the exception of few steps (Biswas et al, 2013). tear apart copper of high purity is melted in a furnace, and afterward reduced and cast into ingots and billets while those of lower purity are electroplated in sulphuric acid (BGS, 2007). Certain bacteria like Pseudomonas fluorescens and Chromobacterium violaceum supporter in copper degradation (Faramarzi, Stagars, Pensini, Krebs, Brandl, 2004).Figure 5. Discarding of copper in recycling unit (Giordanos Recycling, 2012).2.6 WASTESlag wastes, as shown in Figure 6 are usually the by-products after copper refining processes, and the Sarcheshmeh Copper coordination compound in Iran produces over 370,000 tons of slag waste annually (Khorasanipour Esmaeilzadeh, 2016). These slag wastes are deemed to be multi-elemental contaminants with very high toxicity, and pose anthropogenic risks to the natural environments (Ashley, Lottermoser, Chubb, 2003). However, in weathering environments, their toxicity is both(prenominal)what reduced as low meltable glass compounds, oxides and sili cates encapsulate them (Khorasanipour et al, 2016). These slags act as environmental contaminants through leaching and weathering processes of potentially toxic elements (Luo, Yu, Zhu, Li, 2012). It is suggested that 1 ton of copper could generate about 2.2 3 tons of slag waste, and worldwide copper slag merchandise is about 24.6 million tons (Hammarstrom, 2002). However, smelting slag wastes serve as utilitarian additives for abrasive, construction and building materials (BGS, 2007).Figure 6. A piece of copper slag waste (CDA, 2016).2.7 POLLUTIONDue to continuous increase in global copper production, more copper ends up in the environment as shown in Figure 7 (BGS, 2007). Wastewater that flip copper have been deposited at the river banks while the air has also been polluted with copper through combusting fossil fuels (Luo et al., 2012). These copper held up in the air then gloaming back as rain, alongside dumped slag waste which then dirty the soil (Wong, Li, Thornton, 2006) . Some natural routes of copper pollution are ocean spray, forest fires, decaying vegetation and wind-blown dust (Ashley et al., 2003). Human contributions include mining, as well as phosphate fertilizer, metal and wood production (Raufflet, Barin Cruz, Bres, 2014).Figure 7. environmental effect of copper pollution (123RF, 2016).2.8 TOXICITYCopper aims above 2.0 mg/l in drinking water is suggested to be lethal to humans as highlighted in Figure 8, however, this also depends on the source of taint (Zietz et al., 2003). It could cause eye irritation, lung disease, dermatitis, upper respiratory tract infection, acute renal failure, liver damage and death in humans (Blanusa, et al, 2005). The oligodynamic effect poses toxicity to bacteria in even little levels of copper (Shrestha, et al, 2009). For aquatic species, it affects their loathsome system, kidney, liver and gills, as well as their sense of smell which hinders their usual mating process (Kiaune Singhasemanon, 2011).Figure 8 . Major symptoms of copper poisoning in the human body (Asian admixture, 2016).2.9 STANDARDSThere are several standards and specifications that are infallible for proper handling and exposure to copper (BGS, 2007). Amongst these are the Unified add up System (UNS), as well as ASTM Standard Designation for work and Cast Copper and Copper Alloys (CDA, 2016). The permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 1 mg/m3 time-weighted average (TWA) for copper dusts is being locate by the occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which also tallies with the recommended exposure limit set by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (OSHA, 2016). However, the level that is immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) is 100 mg/m3 TWA (Fthenakis, 2003). For copper fumes, the OSHA and NIOSH exposure limits are set at 0.1 mg/m3 TWA (Coble, Lees, Matanoski, 2001), however, the Ameri substructure conclave of Governmental industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) sets their thre shold limits at 0.2 mg/m3 TWA (Cohen Powers, 2000).Copper is normally a reddish-orange polycrystalline, ductile, malleable and soft metal with high electrical and thermal conductivity (Ayres et al., 2003). It could be extracted from various minerals, as well as skarn deposits, landfills, waste dumps and open pit mines (Emsley, 2011). The use of copper also spans across the electrical, architectural, plumbing, industrial, jewelry, agro-allied, microbiological, music and beverage industries (CDA, 2016). The major method through which copper could be discarded is deemed to be recycling, although certain bacteria aid in its mobilisation (Agrawal et al., 2004). The processing of copper also involves several stages that cut across crushing, grinding, mineral flotation, smelting, conversion, refining and finally electrolysis (Peng et al., 2003). At the end of these processes, slag wastes are generated and have the potential to cause damage to the environment (Khorasanipour et al, 2016). It has also been found to be very toxic in humans and animals, causing damage to the liver, skin, lungs and kidney (Zietz et al., 2003). To this effect, OSHA and NIOSH are two of many other organizations that have set certain standards and exposure limits to curb its toxic effects (OSHA, 2016).After gaining an understanding of the environmental geochemistry of copper, it can be seen that its exploitation and mining remain very vital for periodical activities in various sectors. However, the standards that have been set by OSHA and NIOSH should be interpreted into consideration to mitigate any environmental and health impacts that may be associated with its exposure. Furthermore, regions with very high copper reserves like Chile should also ensure that mine sites are effectively protected from having direct abut with the environment.References 123RF. (2016). Contaminated mine water pollution of a copper mine exploitation. Retrieved from https//www.123rf.com/photo_24914808_contamin ated-mine-water-pollution-of-a-copper-mine-exploitation.htmlAgrawal, A., Sahu, K., Pandey, B. (2004). material waste management in non-ferrous industries in India. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 42(2), 99-120.Ashley, P. M., Lottermoser, B. G., Chubb, A. J. (2003). environmental geochemistry of the Mt Perry copper mines area, SE Queensland, Australia. Geochemistry Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 3(4), 345-357. https//doi.org/10.1144/1467-7873/03-014Ayres, R. U., Ayres, L. W., Rde, I. (2003). Copper Demand and Disposition. In The Life Cycle of Copper, Its Co-Products and Byproducts (pp. 59-100). Springer.Bakirdere, S., Yaman, M. (2008). Determination of lead, cadmium and copper in roadside soil and plants in Elazig, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136(1-3), 401-410.Balamurugan, B., Mehta, B. (2001). Optical and structural properties of nanocrystalline copper oxide thin films prepared by activated reactive evaporation. Thin Solid Films, 396(1), 90-96. BGS. (2007). Copper. Retrieved from www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1410Biswas, A. K., Davenport, W. G. (2013). Extractive Metallurgy of Copper International Series on Materials perception and Technology (Vol. 20). Elsevier.Blanusa, M., Varnai, V. M., Piasek, M., Kostial, K. (2005). Chelators as antidotes of metal toxicity therapeutic and experimental aspects. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 12(23), 2771-2794.Camus, F., Dilles, J. H. (2001). A special issue devoted to porphyry copper deposits of northern Chile. economic Geology, 96(2), 233-237.CDA. (2016). Copper Applications. Retrieved from https//www.copper.org/applications/Coble, J. B., Lees, P. S., Matanoski, G. (2001). Time trends in exposure measurements from OSHA compliance inspections of the pulp and make-up industry. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 16(2), 263-270.Cohen, H. J., Powers, B. J. (2000). Particle size characterizations of copper and zinc oxide exposures of employees working in a nonferro us foundry using cascade impactors. AIHAJ-American Industrial Hygiene Association, 61(3), 422-430.Crowson, P. (2012). Some observations on copper yields and ore grades. Resources Policy, 37(1), 59-72.Dreisinger, D. (2006). Copper leaching from pristine sulfides Options for biological and chemical extraction of copper. Hydrometallurgy, 83(1), 10-20.Emsley, J. (2011). Natures building blocks an AZ guide to the elements. Oxford University Press.Faramarzi, M. A., Stagars, M., Pensini, E., Krebs, W., Brandl, H. (2004). Metal solubilization from metal-containing solid materials by cyanogenic Chromobacterium violaceum. Journal of Biotechnology, 113(1), 321-326.Franklin, J. M., Gibson, H., Jonasson, I., Galley, A. (2005). Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. economical Geology 100th Anniversary slew, 98, 523-560.Fthenakis, V. M. (2003). Overview of potential hazards. Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics Fundamentals and Applications, 2.Giordanos Recycling. (2012). New Jersey Non-Ferro us Metals Recycling Service. Retrieved from http//www.giordanosrecycling.com/non-ferrous-metals.phpGomez, F., Guzman, J. I., Tilton, J. E. (2007). Copper recycling and scrap availability. Resources Policy, 32(4), 183-190.Hammarstrom, J. M. (2002). Environmental geochemistry of skarn and polymetallic carbonate-replacement deposit models.Khorasanipour, M., Esmaeilzadeh, E. (2016). Environmental characterization of Sarcheshmeh Cu-smelting slag, Kerman, Iran Application of geochemistry, mineralogy and single extraction methods. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 166, 1-17. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.03.015Kiaune, L., Singhasemanon, N. (2011). Pesticidal copper (I) oxide environmental fate and aquatic toxicity. In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 213 (pp. 1-26). Springer.Lu, S., Gibb, S. W. (2008). Copper removal from wastewater using spent-grain as biosorbent. Bioresource Technology, 99(6), 1509-1517.Luo, X., Yu, S., Zhu, Y., Li, X. (2012). Tr ace metal contamination in urban soils of China. Science of The Total Environment, 421422, 17-30. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.020Martinez-Alier, J. (2001). Mining conflicts, environmental justice, and valuation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 86(1), 153-170.McLemore, V. T., Mullen, K. E. (2004). Mineral resources in Taos County, New Mexico. New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook, 55, 383-390.Melchiorre, E. B., Enders, M. S. (2003). Stable isotope geochemistry of copper carbonates at the Northwest Extension Deposit, Morenci district, Arizona implications for conditions of supergene oxidization and related mineralization. Economic Geology, 98(3), 607-621.Nishiyama, T. (2005). The roles of Asia and Chile in the world copper market. Resources Policy, 30(2), 131-139.Nez Aguilar, C. (2013). Microstructure and properties of copper deformed by accumulative roll-bonding.OSHA. (2016). Copper dusts and mists (as Cu). Retrieved from https//www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/ entropy/CH_229300.htmlPelletier, ., Bonnet, C., Lemarchand, K. (2009). Biofouling growth in cold estuarine waters and evaluation of some chitosan and copper anti-fouling paints. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10(7), 3209-3223.Peng, Y., Grano, S., Fornasiero, D., Ralston, J. (2003). Control of grinding conditions in the flotation of chalcopyrite and its separation from pyrite. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 69(1), 87-100.Raufflet, E., Barin Cruz, L., Bres, L. (2014). An discernment of corporate social responsibility practices in the mining and oil and gas industries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 84, 256-270. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.077Richmond, S. J. (2008). Magnet therapy for the relief of pain and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (CAMBRA) A randomised placebo-controlled crossover trial. Trials, 9(1), 1.Sachs, C. (2012). The history of musical instruments. courier Corporation.Sadowski, Z., Jazdzyk, E., Karas, H. (2003). Biole aching of copper ore flotation concentrates. Minerals Engineering, 16(1), 51-53.Shrestha, R., Joshi, D. R., Gopali, J., Piya, S. (2009). Oligodynamic action of silver, copper and brass on enteral bacteria isolated from water of Kathmandu Valley. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 10, 189-193.Wong, C. S. C., Li, X., Thornton, I. (2006). urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals. Environmental Pollution, 142(1), 1-16. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.09.004Zietz, B. P., Dieter, H. H., Lakomek, M., Schneider, H., Keler-Gaedtke, B., Dunkelberg, H. (2003). Epidemiological investigation on chronic copper toxicity to children exposed via the public drinking water supply. Science of the Total Environment, 302(1), 127-144.APPENDIX A-1. Types of Copper DepositsSource (BGS, 2007)APPENDIX A-2. TOP papal bull PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLDSource (BGS, 2007)APPENDIX A-3. APPLICATION OF COPPER IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL SECTORSSource (BGS, 2007)

Empowerment Children And Young People

Empowerment Children And Young PeopleIntroductionThe overt of globalization has al offices aroused a signifi keept level of interest crossways all disciplines and it was extravagantlyly interesting to explore the preserve that globalisation has had on trade strategies. As a chemical host, we began the seek plow after identifying how globalisation has been manifested in the area and various factors in merchandising strategies that have changed since the aggression of globalisation. It was important to assess the popularity of the composition and whether it had been extensively enquiryed in the past in ready to squ atomic chip 18 off whether it was a good project pick. The base restrain that the hit the books of the impact of globalisation on marketing strategies still inevitable to be further explored because other queryers had not examined the issue exhaustively. Having collected contrary findings that other lookers had discover about the project, we were a ble to set a dry land for the get through analysing studies with the al approximately applicable randomness regarding the topic below study. We assumeed to do a signifi bathroomt level of reading and accordingly debateed a number of publications including journals, books and web resources. Scanning was highly effective in coming up with the most reliable written development for the books critical re positioning.This reflection essay represents the collections recollection of experiences, lessons, feelings, fears and other radical dynamics undergo during the goal of the project. The reflection is highly useful for people who intend to fulfil future tense projects as it gives an perceptivity of how the procedure is likely to be. Further to a greater extent(prenominal), the reflection offers an insight into the seek work at and in effect describes the structure of the give notice (of) and how various decisions regarding the choice of material and ideas were make. T he report further establishes challenges that the stem faced along the way a factor that would help pigeonholings in defining ways of dealing with such challenges so as to determine positive out pick out.Reflection on experiencesThe cessation of this project was a great acquisition experience in terms of the process of use uping query and in learning various group dynamics that be highly important in enhancing effective outcomes. The most involving experience for the group was in the selection of the most ideal topic to be used for the study and eventually obtaining the pertinent material to have a go at it the explore. It was interesting to note that there existed numerous lucrative pendants under which we could conduct the intend search. The train for a unique query however at long last conduct use to the selected topic on the impact of globalisation on marketing strategies which was followed by the selection of the various resources to be used in the completion of the study. While there were an abundant number of resources for use, it was imperative for the group to collect the most youthful researches because the undetermined of globalisation is developing at a tremendous rate hence the drive to be rise up in organise on recent manners during the conduction of such a research.The research was conducted in a highly systematic manner because the group intended to ensure that the most viable results were obtained in explaining the impact of globalisation on marketing strategies. To begin with, the group had to effectively familiarise itself with the topic of study so as to effectively identify the key aspects that needed to be explored. As noted by McDaniel (1991, p, 28), definition of the problem marks a significant stage in research because it forms the basis for successful completion of the research and eventual ability to respond effectively to the research chief. It was therefore imperative for the group to recognize and define the problem effectively. The research question that this study intended to answer was How has globalisation wedged on marketing strategies? As a group, we had to familiarise ourselves with the subject of globalisation and how this has impacted on marketing strategies. We had to analyse the various trends in marketing strategies that had developed succeeding(a) the onset of globalisation in order to determine the most recent trends which would fit perfectly into the study. In order to achieve this, there was need to come to various books, journals and web articles. It was only when we were clear on the subject of globalisation that we embarked on our research which required the appellative of how globalisation had impacted on marketing strategiesThe second feel after identification of the research question was the determination of the research design to be applied in conducting the research. This denoted the need for the identification of the methodology that the group would use in obtaining the relevant information for the research so as to ensure that the outcome of the research was as intended. Accordingly, the group decided to make use of secondary entropy which not only provided adequate information regarding the topic but which as well provided a fast and cheap method of data collection. The information would be obtained from books, journals and web articles determine from various libraries.The third stage in the research process was the actual collection of information about globalisation and its impact on marketing strategies. The undertaking that the group took during this stage was to list great deal various globalisation trends that had been dischargeed in the recent past and thereby form the basis for the study. This was followed by selection of the best topics to trace in explaining the different changes witnessed in marketing strategies. It was during this stage that we finalised the main topics to be covered in the study and the sources of data were conclusively identified. We then proceeded to collect and record the researched information in order to establish how globalisation had impacted on marketing strategies among companies around the world. It was notable that globalisation had indeed transformed the pedigree world and that firms were not only expected to centralise on their regions of physical process but also seek to compete globally. This is because competitors could be from eachwhere in the world, given the increased freedom of trade which allowed companies to export their products from one state of matter to the other. The need for aggressive marketing was therefore apparent with the rise of globalisation hence the reason why marketing strategies were evolving at a significantly high rate. Through the ready(prenominal) books, journals and web articles, the group was in a position to identify the various trends in globalisation and hence unite them to the cursorily developing marketing strategi es aimed at achieving the best results for the research.The next step was to embark on the analysis of data in order to determine the best and most relevant information to be included in the final research newsprint. This involved the consolidation of information that consisted of identical or close view in order to ensure that the most relevant information was incorporated into the final paper. The groups intention was to ensure desired response towards the research question was achieved and that the paper eventually complete the changing trend in marketing strategies following continued advancement in globalisation. thither was therefore a significant need to exercise a high level of caution in the analysis of data because this to a great extent determined the final outcome of the study. Further more, it dictated the direction that the study would take and the eventual accomplishment of the desired outcome.The final stage in the research process was the presentation of our fin dings in the form of a research paper. This was the paper that readers could use to obtain comprehensive information on the subject of study that our group had selected. Accordingly, the stage involved ensuring logical presentation of ideas in the paper so as to ensure that they were coherent enough for electromotive force users to meet. According to Southwick (2004, p. 18), it is imperative to ensure that the results of the study are presented highly particularized manner in order to ensure that the readers are able to understand the findings effortlessly. This marked the climax of the group run short and it was encouraging to not how far we had come and the fact that we had finally achieved what we had been longing for. Having finalized this, we now had a mount report on the identified topic and were ready to present the research paper for this course module.The achievement of the above fair games consisted of many experiences and lessons for the group with spick-and-span a spects in the research process emerging e very day. Decision make was not as easy as individual decision fashioning because there was need to consult and consequently establish the best cream depending on the views of the group. In this regard, some clocks it would seem as though dewy-eyed procedures were taking too long to complete, yet there was need to consult and brainstorm in order to come up with the best solutions to call down the success of the research process. A significant level of concern was on the space to be dedicated to various subtopics and which of them carried more weight as far as the issue of globalisation was concerned. We eventually agreed that enceinte equal number word count for all(prenominal) subtopic would only allow to irrelevant information regarding certain topics which did not carry so a great deal weight in the research. It was therefore decided that the number of words in each section would depend on the do of information that was availabl e and the unique features that needed to be brought to worry in the study.Besides the identification of the main topics to be covered in the study, the literature review formed an interesting part of the paper and inbornly consumed a significant amount of time during the research process. This is because various aspects within the literature review led to the discovery of many other globalisation aspects and it was almost impossible to determine which details to include in the report and which ones to leave out. Accordingly, literature review took a significant amount of time to eventually finalise as the group members sought to determine the most important aspects to be introduced into the paper. It can be established that the expansive literature review play a significant position in coming up with the most relevant topics as far as the impact of globalisation and market strategies are concerned.Personal sentiments and learning experiencesPersonally, there was a great deal of l earning facilitated by the requirements of the research paper and group participation in the completion of this research. It is my belief that the research will be of great importance to future studies. This is because a significant number of issues are identified and these portray the rapidly changing line of products environment where globalisation has impacted on business processes to a significant level. At a certain point during the research however, I doubted whether all the aspects of marketing strategies identified could be presented in the paper without making it sound too general. I was however convinced that each of the factors had to be discussed because it played an imperative role in the changes being witnessed in the business world.The manner in which various sections in the paper were handled gave the pic that some received greater attention than others. Furthermore, there was relevant information on each of the identified factors. It was however notable that recen t trends deserved more attention in the paper because they were likely to catch more attention from readers. This is because they were already familiar with the older factors and they would be more raise in gaining knowledge that was fresh and intriguing. Accordingly, giving such topics more attention increased the value of the paper and its significance to the business and academic worlds. thither are other challenges that emerged during the research process and it was apparent that my views differed significantly from those of my colleagues. In order to cope with this, I learned how to listen and to always consult because this was the only way of ensuring effective communication and enhancing a desirable outcome. learnedness experiences from group dynamicsGroup dynamics are highly essential in enhancing the success of the group. This is because group members can utilise the various strengths that they own in improving the group while complimenting the weaknesses within the group. Group members can contribute their skills and knowledge in enhancing the achievement of the groups objectives. During the research, it was interesting to cooperate with group members, share responsibilities and assist each other in areas that we found difficult. This was curiously useful during the initial stages of the research whereby the contribution of members towards the selection of relevant topics to pursue was highly relevant. Most importantly, the collection of data was very easy because we effectively divided responsibilities among ourselves and then came back together to compile the report.Group work could however jeopardise the achievement of the research objectives if the members are not spontaneous to cooperate and own up to others from time to time. It is important to note that ones view cannot be considered every time and that there are instances when other members views are considered more lucrative. The ability to accept such realities through owning up during think is therefore very important in enhancing group work. Further, each group member should be able to cooperate with other group members so as to ensure that the greens goal in the group is achieved. This to a significant level determines the eventual outcome of the research because the input of group members matter significantly. Group work helped use to realise our strengths and weaknesses and thus played an imperative role in the eventual outcome of the study.Lessons and future implicationsThe subject of globalisation is highly dynamic and the secret towards obtaining the most relevant information lies in the ability to obtain the most recent literature on globalisation. This necessitates wide reading and research in order to determine the most relevant trends to include in a globalisation study. In this research for example, it was important to note the significant growth in new world powers, changing customer preferences and the popularity of internet marketing among other f actors in the coeval business world. Ability to keep up with the trends plays a significant role in enhancing the development of a comprehensive study.The second lesson was in the aggregate of group work in the achievement of common objectives. Notably, there is need to exercise a high level of interdependence and to ensure moderately participation of all group members. I learned that through consulting with others, it is so much easier to determine the most relevant information to use because it provides an opportunity to weigh the various views presented by group members.It is important to anticipate challenges as opposed to having a limited view on the research process. This is because as people start working on the project, the process may ab initio seem easy because it is just a matter of answering the research question. However, challenges tend to emerge along the way and the group members must be in a position to deal with such challenges in order to eventually achieve t he set objectives. Examples of challenges that groups will encounter include foreign time schedules that limit meetings and limited cooperation from members at certain points during the research process that could highly impact on the outcome. Inability to agree on common objectives and self-justification could also ruin the groups ability to achieve the set objectives.We identified a self-damaging aspect known as procrastination which needs to be avoided as much as possible in order to put up efficiency. Procrastination refers to constant postponing of issues due to the impression that there is still time to complete the work in time. This however works to ones disadvantage because it leads to hasten at the last minute when the paper should have been completed as early as possible. It should thus be avoided in order to ensure that the assignment is completed in time and thus offer more time for revision and correction of the final research paper.ConclusionA high level of satisfa ction was derived from the completion of this research and the experience gained was very valuable to the group. It was interesting to acquire various skills and knowledge in conducting research and to explore the impact of globalisation on marketing strategies. Like any other research process, there are a significant number of lessons to be learned from group dynamics and the need to effectively focus on the study.The completion of the research culminates in a comprehensive report covering the growing trends in globalisation in relation to marketing strategies. It is established that a significant number of changes have been recorded and that marketing strategies are significantly different from the way they used to be onward the onset of globalisation. Developing trends are identified and it can be established that globalisation has played the role of creating a borderless world which makes marketing strategies more effective in delivering the intended messages globally. The over all experience in physical composition the paper therefore helped the group in obtaining valuable information on the identified topic.Completing the research paper successfully however was not without its challenges. There was a lot to learn especially in the need to work together as a team and to use the skills possess by each group member for the benefit of the group. The need for objective reasoning was clearly demonstrated as various decisions had to be made at various stages of writing the paper. Examples include the identification of the best mount to take for the paper, the need to avoid ambiguous observations and generalisations and the need to remain center in order to come up with a conclusive research. The process seemed complicated and completion of the paper was faced by various challenges that the group had to endure as a means of enhancing successful completion of the paper. How the group eventually managed to complete the entire project however seems to be the su perior achievement because it symbolises great strength and ability to work through challenges to come up with a highly useful piece of research.